Physical integration

Aerospace and nuclear reactor appHcations of graphite demand high reHabiHty and reproducibiHty of properties, physical integrity of product, and product uniformity. The manufacturing processes require significant additional quaHty assurance steps that result in high cost. 

Figure 3.17 Intact tubercle showing physical integrity after re-movi from surface in Figs. 3.15 and 3.16.

The functions of the filler and the binder are to provide physical integrity (density, attrition resistance, particle size distribution, etc.), a heat transfer medium, and a fluidizing medium in which the more important and expensive zeolite component is incorporated. 

The scale-up challenges for microchannel reactors are addressed through integrated mathematical models to describe all elements of the physics. Integrated... 

More than a century ago Claude Bernard speculated that the milieu interne must be maintained to preserve life (B17). Later, Walter Cannon indicated that physical disturbances could elicit a coordinative response of the organism to keep homeostasis (C7). The stress concept of Hans Selye noted that these stimuli that disturbed the physical integrity of the organism resulted in a general adaptation... 

Ozone attack occurs mainly at the olefinic double bond of a diene rubber and, if not protected against, will result in loss of physical integrity for thin sectioned articles and surface cracking on larger mass products. 

The formation of crosslinks in silk fibroin increases the tenacity and resistance to deformation of the fibres, as reflected in the initial modulus and the yield point. This protective effect conferred by fixation of the bifunctional dye Cl Reactive Red 194 was not shown by the monofunctional Orange 16, which is unable to form crosslinks. The loss in tenacity of undyed silk that is observed on treatment at 90 °C and pH 7 for 2 hours is attributable to lowering of the degree of polymerisation (DP) by hydrolysis of peptide bonds. The crosslinking action of bifunctional dyes tends to compensate for this loss in DP and provides an intermolecular network that helps to maintain the physical integrity of the fibre structure [124] ... 

Fabrication of the prototype is an important step in product development. It demonstrates that the various components can indeed be physically integrated to form the final product with the desired functionalities. Consider a UV sensor. While its functionality depends on the physical response of a certain nanomaterial in the presence of UV light, an electric circuit and a display system are required for a functional consumer product. The availability of a prototype is essential in test marketing, safety tests, reliability tests and so on. However, the development of consumer-oriented products often involves a considerable amount of trial-and-error, which can lead to costly delays in product launching [10]. 

The dominant attribute that has driven interest in fluorescent conjugated polymers (CPs) sensory materials is their ability to produce signal gain in response to interactions with analytes. The increased sensitivity (amplification) is derived from the ability of a conjugated polymer to serve as a highly efficient transport medium of electronic excitation. Analyte specificity in CP-based sensors results from the covalent or physical integration of receptors, imprinting, and/or the CP s overall electrostatic and chemical characteristics. The observed amplification is a... 

G.R. Cannell, R.M. Kluck, S.E. Hamilton, R.H. Mortimer, W.D. Hooper, and R.G. Dickinson. Markers of physical integrity and metabolic viability of the perfused human placental lobule. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 15 837-844 (1988). 

Although the potential to use Caco-2 cells to screen large numbers of formulations under carefully controlled experimental conditions appears attractive, the assumption that this model is suitable to evaluate drug formulations should not be made. In fact, the utility of Caco-2 cells in formulation evaluation is limited because these cells are sensitive to pharmaceutical excipients.112 In addition, the dilution of formulations into the simple buffer solutions used in permeability studies is likely to break the physical integrity of the... 

The thickness of the separative membrane layer for asymmetric membrane structures represents a trade-off between the physical integrity requirement, on the one hand, and the high flux requirement, on the other Current... 

The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD (cf. Table 5.10) requires that the patient has been exposed to a traumatic stressor. In this context, the concept of traumatic stress is specifically defined as an event involving actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to physical integrity. Such traumatic events include sexual abuse (e.g., rape, molestation), life-threatening accidents, interpersonal violence, natural disasters, and combat. 

Experienced a death, serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or someone else... 

Physical integration is mainly a matter of technical or practical import. It may be necessary to make local copies of some data sources in order to ensure reliability or to reduce access times. For example, in the WWW (World Wide Web), Internet service providers often use local caches of popular web sites to improve access time. Because of the way certain servers operate, it may be necessary to have local copies of all data. 

Sampling units may be as simple as a piece of chemically treated paper used to swipe a surface or one with multiple parts such as pumps, valves, scoops, and heating units. It may be physically integrated into the rest of the system or operated separately, as in the case of the swipe paper. 

The additive mnst have a high degree of physical integrity so that it is able to withstand the severe hydrothermal environment of the FCCU. Factors such as attrition resistance, apparent bulk density, and particle size distribution are critical in retaining the additive in the unit. 

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