References feasibility study

Standards for the project were set in the detailed project specifications created in the planning stage. The project manager must constantly refer to these specifications and make sure the project team is also referencing them. If the project deviates from the original specifications, there is no guarantee that the success predicted by the feasibility studies will actually happen - the product or project outcome might fail to meet performance standards. 

In those cases where there are any doubts about the feasibility of producing a sufficiently homogeneous and stable reference material, a feasibility study might be needed. For this study, an extra amount of material is needed. Questions regarding the best way of preparing the sample, the stability of the material, or the fitness for purpose might justify the inclusion of a feasibility study in the project. In the BCR projects, it is common practice to have a feasibility study, which usually has as the sole purpose of assessing the performance of the laboratories in the collaborative study in relation to the certification of the reference material. The feasibility study allows the participants to fine-tune their equipment, their methods, and their procedures in view of the characterization measurements. In each of these cases, a considerable extra number of samples is needed. 

Benoliel MJ. Quevauviller P, Rodrigues E, Andrade ME, Cavaco MA, Cortez L (1997) Certification of reference materials for quality control of major element determinations in ground-water Part i Feasibility study, fresenius J Anal Chem 358 574-580. 

Kramer GN, Oostra A, de Vos P, Conneely P (1997) The preparation of lyophilized tuna muscle samples for a feasibility study and for BCR candidate reference material CRM 669 rare earths. JRC-IRMM Report GE/R/MRM/14/97. 

Feasibility study (tells the technical and economical feasibility and environmental impact compared to one or several reference systems). 

Camara, C., Cobo, M.G., Palacios, M.A., Munoz, R. and Quevauviller, Ph. (1998) Feasibility study for the certification of the contents of inorganic selenium (IV) and (VI) (selenite and selenate) species and total inorganic selenium in artificial freshwater reference materials. Analyst, 123, 947. 

Deplagne, J., J. Vial, V. Pichon, B. Lalere, G. Hervouet, and M.C. Hennion. 2006. Feasibility study of a reference material for water chemistry Long term stability of triazine and phenylurea residues stored in vials or on polymeric sorbents. J. Chromatogr. A 1123 31-37. 

One underlying principle to be followed in purchasing a NIR instrument that should be adhered to is simply this first determine your application, then purchase an appropriate instrument [1]. All too often an analyst is enamored by a particular piece of equipment and purchases it, and, then looks for an application. This is a proven formula for failure. As a rule of thumb, the particular application should be clearly defined and specific objectives identified. Its vital steps must be identified and the location of the test determined (in-line, at-line, or in the laboratory). At that time, instrument manufacturers should be contacted, feasibility studies conducted, references checked, and reliability of any instrument determined. Then and only then should an instrument be purchased. Most instruments available today will be suitable for a variety of applications, but choosing an inappropriate instrument for a particular application surely dooms the analyst to failure. Analysts will often erroneously assume that NIR is at fault in such situations, rather than consider that they have selected an improper instrument. 

Two laboratories were allowed to deviate from this procedure (laboratory numbers refer to the feasibility study)... 

When selecting a site for the collection of the material, it was argued that most monitoring studies would be performed in coastal areas, and as a consequence a coastal seawater was preferred over an open ocean sample which, due to its lower Hg contents would be of use for only a limited number of users. A compromise was found in a sample with a content typically in the lower range of coastal waters. A feasibility study for the preparation of large batches of seawater for this element and results of interlaboratory studies demonstrated that a certification campaign could be contemplated [28], and a candidate reference material was prepared for this purpose [29,30]. This material (CRM 579) was certified for its content of Hg. 

Techniques developed for the determination of selenite and selenate involve a succession of several analytical steps (e.g. reduction, separation, detection) which are often far from being validated. In addition, the knowledge related to the stability of the species is still very scarce. A project has hence been launched within the BCR programme with the aim to evaluate the stability of Se-species in solution [42] this feasibility study has been continued by an interlaboratory study for the evaluation of method performance [43]. Both investigations were designed to improve the state-of-the-art of Se-speciation prior to the tentative certification of solution candidate reference materials as described in this section. As a follow-up, artificial freshwater solutions containing inorganic Se-species were prepared (RMs 602 and 603) [40,41]. 

Specific chapters then focus on different projects on speciation analysis. Chapter 4 deals with interlaboratory studies on methylmercury in fish and sediment Chapter 5 describes the collaborative projects to certify organotins in sediment RMs and mussel tissues Chapter 6 gives an overview of the certification project on trimethyllead in simulated rainwater and urban dust Chapter 7 describes the certification project on arsenic species in fish tissues Chapter 8 focuses on the intercomparison and tentative certification of Se(IV) and Se(VI) in simulated freshwater Chapter 9 deals with a feasibility study to stabilize Cr species in solution followed by the certification of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in lyophilized solutions and welding dust Chapter 10 gives a review of methods used for A1 speciation Chapter 11 develops the overall collaborative project to standardize single and sequential extraction procedures for soil and sediment analysis, followed by interlaboratory studies and certification of soil and sediment reference materials. 

During feasibility studies, preliminary estimates of repeatability should be obtained. Selected sera from a bank of reference sera used to determine the assay s D-SN and D-SP can be tested using a series of runs of the assay within the same laboratory. It is useful to have several operators of the assay system do this exercise independently. This will provide an indication of assay repeatability that addresses the... 

Although the example we have used was an indirect ELISA test, the same principles apply in the validation of any other types of diagnostic assay. Feasibility studies, assay performance characteristics, the size and composition of the animal populations that provide reference sera, and the continuing assessment and updating of the performance characteristics of the validated assay are all essential if the assay is to be considered thoroughly and continuously validated. 

The previous section considers a simple DC to DC boost converter with two switches controlled by two complementary signals. The healthy boost converter thus may be in one of two feasible modes. Reference [18] studies switch faults in a simple single phase half-bridge inverter. In [17], bond graph-based FDI is applied to a single phase H-bridge inverter. Both works represent switches by means of controlled junctions, i.e. use hybrid bond graphs. 

CAPRA reference core 04/94 from feasibility study... 

Staffers, N. H., Stormer, A., Bradley, E. L., Brandsch, R., Cooper, I., Linssenk, J. P H., and Franz, R. Feasibility study for the development of certified reference materials for specific migration testing. Part 1 Initial migrant concentration and specific migration. Food Additives and Contaminants, 21(12), 1203-1216 (2004). 

Seventies, even though in new guise, are still alive. The criticality of the general frequency of has been recognized by British and Dutch Authorities, which has promoted, in the framework of Seveso activities, a feasibility study to improve the level of trust of ERs, gathering new data on the field . In this study (Bellamy al. 2012) accident national and European databases have been exploited. According to Manuel al. (2012), the two found limits are i) it is difficult evaluate the actual reference equipment population, because there are no data on the total number of pipes and pressure vessels at the Seveso establishments ii) failures without severe consequences for humans or environment are not reported in the open sources. 

Within the context of this Manual subjects such as business case and Terms of Reference will not be elaborated any further, while the feasibility study is only discussed briefly. 

One-region breeders and converters, such as the Pennsylvania Advanced Reactor reference design by Westinghouse Electric Corporation, the Homogeneous I lutonium Producer Study by Argonne National Laboratory, and the IDual Purpose Feasibility Study by Commonwealth hldi.son. 

Although the vibrational spectroscopic techniques are well-established analytical tools and despite reports on applications and feasibility studies with reference to reaction monitoring and process control functions, their poten-... 

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