Characterization and measurement

Giusti, M.M. and Wrolstad, R.E., Characterization and measurement with UV-visible spectroscopy, in Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry, Wrolstad, R.E., Ed., John Wiley Sons, New York, 2001. 

King, D.P. et al., Identification, characterization, and measurement of immunoglobulin concentrations in grey (Halichoerus grypus) and common (Phoca vitulina) seals, Develop. Comp. Immunol., 18,433, 1994. 

Corpechot C, Robel P, Axelson M, SjovaU J, Baulieu E-E. 1981. Characterization and measurement of dehydroepiandros-terone sulfate in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78 4704-4704. 

Molecular Imaging (166) deals with in vivo characterization and measurement of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. With Molecular Imaging, early diagnosis of disease will become possible as the detection of altered biochemical processes largely anticipates the anatomical changes that are the basis of current diagnostic modalities. 

Proper characterization of composite interfaces, whether it is for chemical, physical or mechanical properties, is extremely difficult because most interfaces with which we are concerned are buried inside the material. Furthermore, the microscopic and often nanoscopic nature of interfaces in most useful advanced fiber composites requires the characterization and measurement techniques to be of ultrahigh magnification and resolution for sensible and accurate solutions. In addition, experiments have to be carried out in a well-controlled environment using sophisticated testing conditions (e.g. in a high vacuum chamber). There are many difficulties often encountered in the physico-chemical analyses of surfaces. 

Krishna Murthy, H. M., et al. (1999). Crystallization, characterization and measurement of MAD data on crystals of dengue virus NS3 serine protease complexed with mung-bean Bowman-Birk inhibitor. Acta Crystallogr D 55,1370-1372. 

Adhesives and adhesion are of course very large subjects that are by no means restricted to polymers, let alone rubbers. There are numerous test methods for characterizing and measuring the performance of adhesives which may be relevant to rubber but they are outside the scope of this chapter. 

Characterization and Measurement of Flavor Compounds, 1984 Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Phila., PA, August 26-31, 1984. 

Bellon S, Ravanat J-L, Gasparutto D, Cadet J (2002) Cross-linked thymine-purine base tandem lesions synthesis, characterization, and measurement in y-irradiated isolated DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 15 598-606... 

Chemical—structural analysis and leachability tests on scum, slag, and Fe-minerals were carried out to characterize and measure the chemical stability of the metals in waste materials. The investigation was designated to (1) evaluate the... 

In Characterization and Measurement of Flavor Compounds Bills, D., et al. ACS Symposium Series American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1985. 

---