Reference Reactor

Meal reactors Refers to tlie assumed mixing patterns in the reactor. 

Refer to components Refer to reactions Refers to inlet Refers to jacket Refers to inlet Refers to outlet Refers to reactor Refers to coolant water... 

Before starting this synthesis the general procedure given in Section 11 should be reviewed. The reactor referred to in this synthetic procedure is shown in Fig. 2 of Section 11. 

Fixed- or packed-bed reactors refer to two-phase systems in which the reacting fluid flows through a tube filled with stationary catalyst particles or pellets (Smith, 1981). As in the case of ion-exchange and adsorption processes, fixed bed is the most frequently used operation for catalysis (Froment and Bischoff, 1990 Schmidt, 2005). Some examples in the chemical industry are steam reforming, the synthesis of sulfuric acid, ammonia, and methanol, and petroleum refining processes such as catalytic reforming, isomerization, and hydrocracking (Froment and Bischoff, 1990). 

Pancake Reactor The tube reactor with normal flow leads to another type of bell jar reactor referred to as the pancake reactor. It is shown in Figure 23. Here the susceptor is a disc placed horizontally and heated by induction by coils placed below it. The reactive gas flow could be introduced from above, but the favored approach is to introduce it from below at the center of the susceptor disc. Gas exhaust is at the periphery between the disc and the bell jar. 

Figure 9 Comparison of previously reported values of kSA for reduction by Fe° with external mass transport coefficients estimated for batch, column, and rotating disk electrode reactors. References for the overall rate coefficients are given in Fig. 1 of Ref. 101. Mass transport coefficients were estimated for the batch and column reactors based on empirical correlations discussed in Refs. 125 and 101. Mass transport coefficients for the RDE were calculated using the Levich equation [178].

We will take a closer look at one of the simplest systems conceivable, a constant-volume and -density, cooled CSTR with a first-order, irreversible reaction A - B. While this model is quite simple it still contains most of the relevant issues surrounding an open-loop, nonlinear reactor. Referring to Fig. 4.5, this system can be described by one component balance and one energy balance ... 

System T racers Detection apparatus Reactor Reference... 

The Hrst type of generic model for shell-and-tube membrane reactors refers to a nonisothermal packed-bed catalytic membrane tubular reactor (PBCMTR) whose cross-sectional view is shown in Figure lO.l. Mathematical models for this type of membrane reactor have been reviewed quite extensively by Tsotsis et al. [1993b]. 

See also the article by Beek on packed reactors referred to in the References of Chap. 1 for almost all points touched in this chapter and for a good presentation of the full partial differential equations. All the standard texts have something to say on this topic for a treatment going beyond what... 

Liquid-liquid reactors are similar to gas-liquid reactors. In the former case, the dispersed phase is in the form of droplets as against bubbles in the latter. The motion of bubbles and drops can be described using a unified approach. A spray column (or a drop column) is the equivalent of a bubble column but with one difference. The dispersed gas phase is always lighter than the continuous liquid phase (p < Pl)- However, the dispersed liquid phase in spray columns may be lighter or heavier than the continuous immiscible liquid phase. Nevertheless, spray columns can be easily described similar to bubble columns. Furthermore, packed bubble columns and sectionalized bubble columns can be considered equivalent to packed extraction columns and plate extraction columns. External-loop and internal-loop reactors are also possible (for equivalent gas-liquid reactors, refer to Section 11.4.2.1.4). 

There are a number of recommended model pollutants for photoconversion experiments in water, as shown using Photo-CREC-Water I and II reactors (refer to sections 2.10.1 and 2.10.2). Phenol dissolves well in water and is not stripped significantly by the airflow, as proven experimentally by Salaices et al (2002). Methylene blue has strong... 

A design used in enzyme-catalyzed synthesis is shown in Figure 24.2i (Shao et al., 1989). This consists essentially of an enzyme immobilized in a sheet of microporous plastic (such as PVC) which is then rolled into a spiral and placed in a reactor vessel. Like the Gryaznov reactor referred to earlier, this immobilized-enzyme membrane reactor (lEMR) provides for maximum utilization of reactor space and extension of catalyst surface. 

A small portion of the 94 39 produced may also be changed to 94 4o by absorption of neutrons. The neutronic reactors referred to above may be called isotope converters in that one thermally fissionable isotope is formed (94 ) as another thermally fissionable isotope (U33B) is used up. However, this conversion is not c6m-plete, and the natural uranium, which acts to supply both the reaction isotope (U s) the absorption isotope (U ), will contain two different thermally fissionable isotopes after the reactor has been started. Certain presently known uranium-graphite reactors have been found to have a conversion factor of. 78, U to 94 3 . However, it may be desirable to form other fissionable isotopes in quantity such, as for example, U . Isotopes such as U 3 and Th , which arc not thermally fissionable isotopes, but which, upon absorption of a neutron, produce a thermally fissionable istotope, are called fertile isotopes. ... 

Estimate the obtainable outlet concentration under the given conditions and the pressure drop. Design a catalytic wall multichannel reactor for the same performance. The square channel should have the same SSA as the packed bed reactor referred to as the fluid (void) fraction ( stjuc = v)-Solution ... 

There is absolutely no information in the literature on the critical speed for complete dispersion of the gas phase, N, in stirred tank reactors fitted with helical coils. The only work reported so far is that of Nikhade (2006) in the 0.57 m diameter stirred tank reactor referred to earlier. The correlations obtained for the inCTease in and AN were (Nikhade and Pangarkar 2006)... 

Table II. 1 refers to the name and place of the reactor, reference numbers, page or paper numbers, type of the reactor, component or system code of the particular service condition or ageing mechanisms as adopted in Appendix I and notes. In addition, this information has been summarized in Table II.2 showing statistically the distribution of reported ageing mechanisms.

In order to emphasize the potential of membrane reactors, reference cases for power and hydrogen production using state-of-the-art syngas separation technology will be also presented. 

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