Particle loading

Cyclones can be used under conditions of high particle loading. They are cheap, simple devices with low maintenance requirements. Problems occur when separating materials that have a tendency to stick to the cyclone walls. 

Resin Viscosity. The flow properties of uncured compounded plastics is affected by the particle loading, shape, and degree of dispersion. Flow decreases with increased sphericity and degree of dispersion, but increases with increased loading. Fillers with active surfaces can provide thixotropy to filled materials by forming internal network stmctures which hold the polymers at low stress. 

Receptor Models. Receptor models, by their formulation, are effective in determining the contributions of various sources to particulate matter concentrations. In classic studies, sources contributing to airborne particle loadings have been identified in Washington, D.C. (78), St. Louis (9,24), Los Angeles (7,12), Portiand, Oregon (78), and Boston (79—81), as well as other areas including the desert (82). 

Thus, for a given particle loading, , the fine fraction in the bimodal assembly is a function of only the diameter ratio, dID a surprisingly simple result for an otherwise complex phenomenon. However, the inclusion of the liquid phase to the above particle assembly should modify the result somewhat. This can be seen very simply by expressing the interstitial particle population of the fines as a function of the continuous phase ... 

In most cases, however, noble metals such as Pt, Ru and Rh or RUO2 and Rh203 have been deposited on different semiconductors such as CdS , Ti02 , SrTiOa and WO3 although these catalysts do not form an ohmic contact . In connection with the photocleavage of H2O mainly Gratzel introduced the idea of using semiconductor particles loaded even with two types of catalysts, one (e.g. Pt)... 

Fig. 14. Energy scheme of semiconductor particle loaded with two different catalysts...

Shu, C. H., and Yang, S. T., Effect of Particle Loading on GM-CSF Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a Three-Phase Fluidized Bed Bioreactor, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 51 229 (19%)... 

Three generic forms of cyclone can be characterized by their inlet configurations as illustrated in Fig. 11. At equal gas inlet or gas outlet velocities, the tangential generally yields the highest collection efficiency. At very high inlet particle loadings, differences between the three forms... 

Bath Composition Particle Size and Crystal Phase Particle Loading (g/1) Current Density (mA/cm2) Analytical Method Codeposition Results ... 

The composition of the codeposition bath is defined not only by the concentration and type of electrolyte used for depositing the matrix metal, but also by the particle loading in suspension, the pH, the temperature, and the additives used. A variety of electrolytes have been used for the electrocodeposition process including simple metal sulfate or acidic metal sulfate baths to form a metal matrix of copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, or chromium, or their alloys. Deposition of a nickel matrix has also been conducted using a Watts bath which consists of nickel sulfate, nickel chloride and boric acid, and electrolyte baths based on nickel fluoborate or nickel sulfamate. Although many of the bath chemistries used provide high current efficiency, the effect of hydrogen evolution on electrocodeposition is not discussed in the literature. 

Fig. 3. Normalized particle incorporation vs. percent limiting current density as a function of RCE rotational rate at 120 g/1 particle loading.

The best candidates for electrical zone sensing analysis are those powders which can be easily dispersed in the electrolyte and do not readily agglomerate thus, high particle loading in the dispersion should be avoided. The occurrence... 

Ratnayake, C. K., Oh, C. S., and Henry, M. P. (2000). Particle loaded monolithic sol-gel columns for capillary electrochromatography a new dimension for high performance liquid chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 23, 81-88. 

---