Recycle product sales

It is not an overstatement to say that there is a palpable sense of transformation in both the virgin and recycled product sales sectors, and rapid changes have been observed in the way recycled product sales are achieved. An increasing global environmental awareness, has been catalysed by the sudden end to years of economic growth and some changes outside the realms of the sale of recycled products. 

A power plant may be viewed as a chemical plant which has taken by-product sale to the limit. It recycles the product and sells... 

Recycling falls into two categories direct and indirect. Direct recycling is the reuse of components of manufactured materials before sale, often in the case of damaged or unsold products. Indirect recycling is the practice of recycling products or materials that consumers have used and discarded. 

Plastic products made from virgin material are facing increased competition and a depletion of natural sources of raw material. Economists who are critical of classical and neo-classical economics state that an important element in any theory of economics is uncertainty [2], Plastics waste has become a recognised source of recycled material sales based on market uncertainty. 

With regards to the sale of recycled products, planning and monitoring is linked to expenditure on sales activities, emotions, customer demands and future prospects. Remuneration schemes and plans for rewarding increases in the sale of recycled products are... 

Today s competitive landscape has not changed significantly over recent years [10]. Many of the pressures on recycled products seem to be related to changes in customer expectations, which require rapid changes and persistent pressure to achieve the necessary sales quotas [11]. Customer expectations, rising buyer power and fierce competition are all factors in the trading of recycled products. 

This approach of recycling for re-use seems eminently sensible and simple. However, when the re-sale value of the recycled products and the costs of conversion and extra energy required are compared, there are, in reality, very few recycling operations which are economically feasible and around which sustainable businesses can be developed. Society must be willing to provide a continuing subsidy or to find some more cost effective form of re-use. The approach outlined above turns out in practice to be very complicated. 

Liquid Effluents. Recycling of acid, soda, and zinc have long been necessary economically, and the acid—soda reaction product, sodium sulfate, is extracted and sold into other sectors of the chemical industry. Acid recovery usually involves the degassing, filtering, and evaporative concentration of the spent acid leaving the spinning machines. Excess sodium sulfate is removed by crystallization and then dehydrated before sale. Traces of zinc that escape recovery are removable from the main Hquid effluent stream to the extent that practically all the zinc can now be retained in the process. 

Most HCl consumed foi the production of EDC and methyl chloride is recycled acid generated in an integrated process and therefore does not affect net supphes of HCl. The exclusion of HCl consumption for EDC and methyl chloride production gives a better indication of net HCl supply. This figure gives only an order of magnitude of net HCl available for captive consumption and sales. 

Hydroperoxide Process. The hydroperoxide process to propylene oxide involves the basic steps of oxidation of an organic to its hydroperoxide, epoxidation of propylene with the hydroperoxide, purification of the propylene oxide, and conversion of the coproduct alcohol to a useful product for sale. Incorporated into the process are various purification, concentration, and recycle methods to maximize product yields and minimize operating expenses. Commercially, two processes are used. The coproducts are / fZ-butanol, which is converted to methyl tert-huty ether [1634-04-4] (MTBE), and 1-phenyl ethanol, converted to styrene [100-42-5]. The coproducts are produced in a weight ratio of 3—4 1 / fZ-butanol/propylene oxide and 2.4 1 styrene/propylene oxide, respectively. These processes use isobutane (see Hydrocarbons) and ethylbenzene (qv), respectively, to produce the hydroperoxide. Other processes have been proposed based on cyclohexane where aniline is the final coproduct, or on cumene (qv) where a-methyl styrene is the final coproduct. 

Although more often associated with household and commercial waste, recycling has proven to be very successhil in the industrial arena. Industrial recycling is the recovery for reuse or sale of materials from what otherwise would be wastes destined for disposal (5). Typically, the reclaimable materials employed in industrial recycling may consist of obsolete products, spent materials, industrial by-products or residues, or pollution control products. The recycling of many of these products is so well estabHshed that under standard commercial practices such materials are destined only for recovery, not for disposal. 

Dichloroethane, an important intermediate for vinyl chloride production, is produced by catalytic chlorination of ethylene in either vapor or Hquid phase or by oxychlorination of ethylene. Thermal dehydrochlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane produces vinyl chloride and coproduct hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen chloride is commonly recycled to an oxychlorination unit to produce 1,2-dichloroethane or is processed into sales-grade anhydrous or aqueous hydrogen chloride. 

In this part of the form, you ara required to list all off-sIte locations to which you transfer wastes containing toxic chemicals. Do not list locations to which products containing toxic chemicals are shipped for sale or distribution in commerce or for further use. Also, do not list locations to which wastes containing chemicals are sold or sent for recovery, recycling, or reuse of the toxic chemicals. The information that you enter in this section relates to data you will report in Part III, Section 6. 

Computers permeate all areas of the plastics industry from the concept of a product design, to raw material, to processing, to marketing, to sales, to recycling, to government and industry regulations, and so on. Computers have their place, but most important is... 

Assumptions Synthesis of phenylpyruvic acid Batch synthesis process for precursors overal yield of 95+% of theoretical to pheny Ihydantoin overall yield of 90+% of theoretical from phenylhydantoin to phenylpyruvic acid recovery and recycle of acetic acid no byproduct crec taken for acetic acid formed from acetic anhydride addition. Conversion of phenylpyruvic acid and aspartic acid. Bioreactor productivity of-18 g PHE/L/h (four columns in parallel) 98% overall conversion no byproduct credit taken for pymvic acid (recovery cost assumed to be of by revenue from sale) 80% recovery of L-PHE downstream of bioreactor. 

The economic success of the chemicals supplier is increasingly generated by the services provided by its chemicals. Responsible chemicals management leads to reduced sales of chemicals and subsequently to reduced revenues of the chemicals supplier. Yet a reduction of the amount of chemicals used moves the chemical product as such out of focus while the service provided, in connection with the chemical, becomes increasingly important. This includes the environmentally safe supply of chemicals, internal recycling, increase of lifetime by means of stabilisers, analyses of used product and recovery of resources. 

The production of material of a consistent quality is one of the major goals of development work. Quality problems in a product are identified by the constant monitoring and analysis of the output from the plant, using statistical process control techniques [D-4]. Some of these methods have already been mentioned in Section B, 3.4.2. The avoidance of product quality problems results in direct cost benefits and also brings about a reduction in the environmental impact of its manufacture. This is because material does not need to be reworked, recycled or sent for disposal. A reduction in the number of inferior quality batches of material leads to an increase in output from the plant. More material is produced for the same effort, with the added benefit that it can be consistently supplied to the sales warehouse or be used in consuming processes. 

---