Recombinant Oral Vaccines

Recombinant oral vaccine against cholera jointly worked out by IMTECH, Chandigarh, IICB Calcutta, and NICED, Calcutta. IMTECH group has filed two Indian Patent applications (2734/Del/96 2740/Del/96) and one European application (EP973099575)... 

Li, H.Y., Ramalingam, S., and Chye, M.L. (2006). Accumulation of recombinant SARS-CoCV spike protein in plant cytosol and chloroplasts indicate potential for development of plant-derived oral vaccines. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 231(8) 1346-1352. 

Streatfleld, S.J. (2006). Mucosal immunization using recombinant plant-based oral vaccines. Methods 38(2) 150-157. 

These are discussed elsewhere but include a recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses rabies virus glycoproteins used for oral vaccination. 

Recombinant techniques (Ogra et al. 2001) for generating purified antigens in large quantities have been used for the development of several vaccines including the hepatitis B virus vaccine (oral hepatitis B vaccine based on live recombinant adenovirus) (Lubeck et al. 1989). Other examples of recombinantly produced vaccines include vaccines containing tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxin, and acellular pertussis toxoid. 

Shin SJ, Shin SW, Kang ML, Lee DY, Yang MS, Jang YS, Yoo HS (2007) Enhancement of protective immune responses by oral vaccination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing recombinant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIA or ApxIIA in mice. J Vet Sci 8(4) 383-392... 

A product or reagent that must be kept cold during transit and storage most often between 4° and 8°C. See Elliott, M.A. and Halbert, G.W., Maintaining the cold chain shipping environment for phase I clinical trial distribution, Int. J. Pharm. 299, 49-54, 2005 Streatfield, S.J., Mucosal immunization using recombinant plant-based oral vaccines. Methods 38, 150-157, 2005. 

The maximal intestinal immunization can be achieved by intra-Peyer s patch immunization, and thus this method can be used to screen oral vaccine candidate antigens without the added complication of simultaneously testing oral-delivery systems. Immunization of subjects against Helicobacter pylori by intra-Peyer s patch resulted in an 84-91% reduction in H. pylori infection compared with unimmrmized controls. The therapeutic efficacy of the recombinant H. pylori urease vaccine in mice was shown to be comparable with that achieved with the combined anti-biotic/antacid treatment in humans. The oral vaccination is preferred to conventional treatment of ulcers because it is a very simple and quick procedure compared with long-term conventional treatment. In addition, vaccines use the defense mechanisms of the body to establish long-lasting immunity. ... 

Kaper JB, Levine MM (1990) Recombinant attenuated Vibrio cholerae strains used as live oral vaccines. In Res. Microbiol. 141 901 —906. 

Sanchez J, Johansson S, Lowenadler B, et al. (1990) Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit and gene fusion proteins for oral vaccination. In Res. Microbiol. 141 971-979. 

C Leclerc, A Charbit, P Martineau, E Deriaud, M Hofnung. The cellular location of a foreign B cell epitope expressed by recombinant bacteria determines its T cell-independent or T cell-dependent characteristics. J Immunol 147 3545-3552, 1991. TN Nguyen, M Hansson, S Stahl, et al. Cell-surface display of heterologous epitopes on Staphylococcus xylosus as a potential delivery system for oral vaccination. Gene 128 89-94, 1993. 

This pioneering study showed that recombinant Lact. casei induced specific antibody responses to C. parvum P23 antigen, and thus can be employed as a potentially safe oral vaccine for cryptosporidiosis. 

Robinson, K., Chamberlain, L.M., Schofield, K.M., et al. (1997) Oral vaccination of mice against tetanus with recombinant Lactococcus lactis. Nature Biotechnol 15, 653-657. 

The nasal tissue is highly vascularized and provides efficient systemic absorption. Compared with oral or subcutaneous administration, nasal administration enhances bioavailability and improves safety and efficacy. Chitosan enhances the absorption of proteins and peptide drugs across nasal and intestinal epithelia. Gogev et al. demonstrated that the soluble formulation of glycol chitosan has potential usefulness as an intranasal adjuvant for recombinant viral vector vaccines in cattle [276]. 

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