Receptor Zones

Keywords Aquifer contamination Confining layer Costs Environmental concerns Receptor zones Site selection Well design Well drilling... 

The economic and environmental suitability of any proposed well will be determined from surveying, testing, and the design of the well. When surveying and testing to determine site suitability, the confinement conditions, receptor zone and subsurface hydrodynamics should be studied with respect to the concentrate to be injected (Shammas et al. 2009). 

Core sampling Core samples from the well bore are taken to determine the rock formation and soil conditions. Samples can also be used to determine the flow potential of the receptor zone, concentrate compatibility, and the best drilling practices for the well... 

Video surveying Cameras are lowered down the well, which allows for a visual inspection of the well. In particular, the integrity of the borehole, casing, concrete and tubing can be checked. The fractures in the receptor zone into which the concentrate is injected can also assessed... 

Equations 46 have been directly derived from the full model in [19]. On the other hand, they are almost identical with the relations obtained from the so-called two-compartment model (the only difference is that the numerical coefficient is a little bit lower). The two-compartment model was first developed for sensors with receptors placed on small spheres [23]. In [24-26] it was adapted for the SPR flow cell and in [ 18] it was approved and verified by comparison of munerical results with those obtained from the full model. The two-compartment model approximates the analyte distribution in the vicinity of the receptors by considering two distinct regions. The first is a thin layer around the active receptor zone of effective thickness fiiayer> and the second is the remaining volume with the analyte concentration equal to the injected one, i.e., a. While the analyte concentration in the bulk is constant (within a given compartment), analyte transport to the inner compartment is controlled by diffusion. The actual analyte concentration at the sensor surface is then given by the difference between the diffusion flow and the consump-tion/production of the analyte via interaction with receptors. For the simple pseudo first-order interaction model we obtain ... 

In has been hypothesized that this portion of the molecule could interact with hydrophobic groups in the receptor zone, so that the insertion of a polar group achieves the effect of making this interaction worse [15]. The 9-methoxy derivative of dispacamide B (8), isolated as a racemate from the Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa [16], displayed neuroprotective activity against the agonist serotonin in vitro, with a potential to treat psychosis, different phobia and mood fluctuation disorders. 

Membrane-bound GTP rabs recruit effectors to the membrane. In neurons and neuroendocrine cells, the vesicle-associated Rab3 binds to rabphilin and to RIM. RIM is a component of the presynaptic cytomatrix and may thus serve as a docking receptor for synaptic vesicles at the active zone. 

Patterning of enzyme monolayers on a solid surface was carried out by photoactivation of immobilized monolayer of caged -biotin derivatives in selected areas. Specific oriented binding of enzyme-avidin conjugates could be readily made to the photoactivated zones [42]. Oriented immobilization of G-protein-coupled receptors on a solid surface was also made possible on a biotinylated surface by first immobilizing streptavidin, followed by the immobilization of biotinylated G-protein-coupled receptor [43]. 

GUal precursors in the ventricular and subventricular zones can also express opioid receptors (Zhu et al. 1998 Reznikov et al. 1999 Stiene-Martin et al. 2001 Kim et al. 2006 Tripathi et al. 2008). Immature glia and adult progenitors express opioid receptors, which affect ceUular maturation (Stiene-Martin and Hauser 1990, 1991 Stiene-Martin et al. 1991 Persson et al. 2003,2006) and cell fate decisions (Kim et al. 2006). Importantly, gUal precursors (Khurdayan et al. 2004 Lawrence et al. 2004 Buch et al. 2007), and espedaUy immature oUgodendroglia (Khurdayan et al. 2004 Hauser et al. 2008), also appear to be vulnerable to opioids and HIV-1 proteins. 

Tripathi A, Khurshid N, Kumar P, Iyengar S (2008) Expression of delta- and mu-opioid receptors in the ventricular and subventricular zones of the developing human neocortex. Neurosci Res 61 257-270... 

Evidence suggests that co-transmitters in a terminal have their own autoreceptors and, in some cases, activation of their own presynaptic receptor can influence the release of the co-stored, classical transmitter. For instance, activation of P2Y-autoreceptors by ATP is thought to affect the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic neurons. However, in other cases, feedback modulation of release of classical and their associated co-transmitters seems to have separate control mechanisms. This would suggest that either the two types of transmitter are concentrated in different nerve terminals or that mechanisms for regulating release target different vesicles located in different zones of the terminal (Burnstock 1990). 

Taking ai-adrenoceptors as an example, several possible mechanisms have been suggested (see Starke 1987). The first rests on evidence that these autoreceptors are coupled to a Gi (like) protein so that binding of an a2-adrenoceptor agonist to the receptor inhibits the activity of adenylyl cyclase. This leads to a fall in the synthesis of the second messenger, cAMP, which is known to be a vital factor in many processes involved in exocytosis. In this way, activation of presynaptic a2-adrenoceptors could well affect processes ranging from the docking of vesicles at the active zone to the actual release process itself... 

Emesis No distinct pathway DA receptors in chemoreceptor pathway zone Vomiting Anti-emetic (not motion sickness) D2 ... 

The arrival of action potentials in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, carrying the sensory information either from nociceptors in inflammation or generated both from nociceptors and intrinsically after nerve damage, produces a complex response to pain. Densely packed neurons, containing most of the channels, transmitters and receptors found anywhere in the CNS, are present in the zones where the C-fibres terminate... 

The opiate receptors in the spinal cord are predominantly of the mu and delta type and are found in the C-fibre terminal zone (the substantia gelatinosa) in the superficial dorsal horn. Considerable numbers of ORL-1 receptors are also found in this area. Up to 75% of the opiate receptors are found presynaptically on the C-fibre terminals and when activated inhibit neurotransmitter release. The opening of potassium channels will reduce calcium flux in the terminal and so there will be a resultant decrease in... 

The pituitary, as well as the hypothalamic hormones, also contribute to VN development. A transient prolactin receptor (PRLR) is expressed in the late foetal rat. At El8, there is positive staining for this binding protein along the lumenal border the reaction is restricted to the medial (sensory) zone [Freemark et al, Fig. 6(d), 1996]. These sites possibly function in the detection of endogenous lactogenic ligands such as PL-I and PL-II. The VNORs also occupy microvillous sites in this area, but the precise developmental role of PRLR in the early AOS is unknown. The modulatory influence of prolactin is well established after puberty in mammals as a reproductive determinant (Chap. 5). In a more central role, it acts on the EOG recorded from the accessory area of the bulb in newts (Toyoda, 2000). 

Cinamon G, Matloubian M, Lesneski MJ, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 promotes B cell localization in the splenic marginal zone. Nat Immunol 2004 5 713-720. 

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