Reasonably practicable, definition

There are various definitions of asset integrity, but broadly, it can be defined as follows an asset has integrity when it performs as intended, is being operated as intended, and the risk of a failure occurring, which would endanger the safety of personnel, the environment, or the asset s value, is tolerable and has been reduced to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). 

Some risk analysts use the term as low as reasonably practical (ALARP) for setting a value for acceptable risk. The basic idea behind this concept is that risk should be reduced to a level that is as low as possible without requiring excessive investment. Boundaries of risk that are definitely acceptable or definitely not acceptable are established as shown in Figure 1.16, which is an FN curve family. Between those boundaries, a balance between risk and benefit must be established. If a facility proposes to take a high level of risk, then the resulting benefit must be very high. 

A practical definition could finally also be derived from the capabilities of the instrumentation in use. For instance, SIMS, the most widespread MS technique, applied to surface and thin films can be operated in static mode (giving information from the first atomic layers of a nearly undamaged surface) or dynamic mode (depth profile of the layer). When the material to be analyzed is sputtered, this sputtering could be very slow, providing a practical limit (often in the micrometer range for SIMS) to the thickness range achievable in a reasonable amount of time. 

One of the first questions to be addressed in the safety programme was the definition of the safety target for the project. lEC 61508 does not directly address the question of how to do this, although many of its examples are based on the assumption that risks will be reduced As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). This is understandable given that applying the ALARP principle is a duty of all employers under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSWA). 

ZlO-2005 tersely states its purpose in Section 1.2 as follows The primary purpose of this standard is to provide a management tool to reduce the risk of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. This question logically follows. What risk reduction level is to be achieved This chapter Establishes that achieving a zero risk level is unattainable Discusses the great variations in cultural and situational aspects of risk acceptance and Combines the elements of risk (probability and severity) with ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable) to arrive at a definition of acceptable risk, the operational goal. 

As we proceeded with our studies, we found that developing a distinct, perhaps statistical, universally applicable definition of acceptable risk that did not contain general and judgmentally interpretive terms is not possible. But, with a studied understanding of risk, and risk taking, and the concept of As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP), I dare to offer a practical definition of acceptable risk that can be effectively applied when dealing with workplace hazards, risks, and deficiencies in safety and health management systems. 

A sound and workable definition of acceptable risk must encompass hazards, risks, probability, severity, and economic considerations. Also, in the following definition, it is made clear that a risk level as low as reasonably practicable must also be tolerable ... 

In health and safety, the legal definition of negligence, duty of care and terms such as practicable and as far as is reasonably practicable are all based on legal judgements and form part of the common law. Common law also provides the foundation for most civil claims made on health and safety issues. 

The term suitable and sufficient is used to define the scope and extent required for health and safety risk assessment and may be interpreted in a similar way to reasonably practicable. More information is given on this definition in Chapter 5. 

The majority of the duties in the Health and Safety at Work Act are qualified by these phrases. What do they mean Unlike many other terms they are not defined by aity of the relevant statutory provisions but have come to acquire their now accepted meaning through decisions in the courts. Practicable is usually taken as meaning that which is physically possible in the light of current knowledge and invention 6 what of reasonably practicable Clearly this cannot be such a strict standard as that denoted by the word practicable (or all practicable steps or best practicable means). The conrmoirly accepted definition is that found in the judgemeirt of Lord Asquith in the case of Edwards V National Coal Board ([1949] 1 KB 704) ... 

There is a (Safe Work Australia, 2013) great definition of elements of what constitutes a reasonably practicable level ... 

Wherever any design feature or system is identified as an ultimate safeguard, which by definition will only be needed rarely, then those features or systems must be subjected to rigorous and exhaustive design reviews, and must so far as is reasonably practicable be tested in a way that is representative of the hazards that are being protected against. 

According to the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, food additives may be defined as "substances. .. the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, either in their becoming a component of food or otherwise affecting the characteristics of food" (1). Canada and the European Community have adopted similar definitions. According to this broad definition, a food additive is synonymous to a food ingredient. In practice, however, the word additive is limited to substances that are used in small quantities. 

Permeability is defined as a measure of a rock s ability to transmit fluids. In addition to a rock s being porous, sedimentary rock can also be permeable. Permeability refers to the property of a rock that allows fluids to flow through its pore network at practical rates under reasonable pressure differentials. The quantitative definition of permeability was first given in an empirical relationship developed by the French hydrologist Henry D Arcy who studied the flow of water through unconsolidated sands [31]. 

There is one additional reason why the IT empirical risk is a better objective function to use. With the empirical risk given by Eq. (6), which is by definition a pointwise measure, it is clear how to define in practice the... 

On a practical basis, if we wish to set up this system, we would assemble a set of "color-chips". Each color-chip would be specified by two factors, H = hue, and V/C, which is value (grayness) modified by chroma (saturation). The actual number of layers in the Munsell Color Tree was determined by "minimum perceptual difference". That is, the minimum change that produces a visual perceptible difference. This arrangement specifies all light colors as well cis the dark ones. To use such a system, one would choose the color-chip closest to the hue and saturation of the test color and thus obtain values for H and V/C. However, it was soon discovered that the system was not perfect. Reasons for this include the facts that the hues defined by Munsell are not those of the primaries of the human eye. Furthermore, Munsell was somewhat subjective in his definitions of hues. 

Sulfonylurea herbicides are generally applied to crops as an early post-emergent herbicide. Crops that are tolerant to these herbicides quickly metabolize them to innocuous compounds. At maturity, residues of the parent compound in food and feed commodities are nondetectable. Metabolites are not considered to be of concern, and their levels are usually nondetectable also. For this reason, the residue definition only includes the parent compound. Tolerances [or maximum residue limits (MRLs)] are based on the LOQ of the method submitted for enforcement purposes and usually range from 0.01 to 0.05 mg kg (ppm) for food items and up to O.lmgkg" for feed items. There is no practical need for residue methods for animal tissues or animal-derived products such as milk, meat, and eggs. Sulfonylurea herbicides are not found in animal feed items, as mentioned above. Furthermore, sulfonylurea herbicides intentionally dosed to rats and goats are mostly excreted in the urine and feces, and the traces that are absorbed are rapidly metabolized to nontoxic compounds. For this reason, no descriptions of methods for animal-derived matrices are given here. 

The traditional definition of menorrhagia is a menstrual blood loss of greater than 80 mL per cycle. This definition has been questioned for several reasons, including difficulty with quantifying menstrual blood loss in clinical practice. Many women with heavy menses but blood loss of less than 80 mL will merit consideration for treatment because of problems with containment of flow, unpredictable heavy flow days, and other associated symptoms.8,9... 

This chapter examines another measure of the space used by 2D separations subject to correlation. Some researchers use the words, peak capacity, to express the maximum number of zones separable under specific experimental conditions, regardless of what fraction of the space is used. By definition, however, the peak capacity is the maximum number of separable zones in the entire space. No substantive reason exists to change this definition. The ability to use the space, however, depends on correlation. In deference to previous researchers (Liu et al., 1995 Gilar et al., 2005b), the author adopts the term, practical peak capacity, to describe the used space. The practical peak capacity is the peak capacity, when the separation mechanisms are orthogonal, but is less than the peak capacity when they are not. The subsequent discussion is based on practical peak capacity. 

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