Traditional Definition

A classic pharmaceutical science textbook might have defined poor solubility as anything below a solubility of 1 g mL-1 (2 mol L-1 solution for a molecular weight of 500 Da) at pH 6.5 (or pH 7). This classic view is reflected in the Chemical Abstracts SciFinder 2001 solubility range definitions for solubility calculated using Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD) Software Solaris V4.67. These semi-quantitative ranges for molar solubility are very soluble, 1 mol L 1 solubility soluble, 0.1 mol L 1 solubility 1 mol L 1 slightly soluble, 0.01 mol L 1  

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The traditional definition of a zeolite refers to microporous, crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates with a tliree-dimensional framework consisting of comer-linked SiO or AlO tetrahedra, although today the definition is used in a much broader sense, comprising microporous crystalline solids containing a variety of elements as tetrahedral building units. The aluminosilicate-based zeolites are represented by the empirical fonmila... 

Thickness. The traditional definition of thermal conductivity as an intrinsic property of a material where conduction is the only mode of heat transmission is not appHcable to low density materials. Although radiation between parallel surfaces is independent of distance, the measurement of X where radiation is significant requires the introduction of an additional variable, thickness. The thickness effect is observed in materials of low density at ambient temperatures and in materials of higher density at elevated temperatures. It depends on the radiation permeance of the materials, which in turn is influenced by the absorption coefficient and the density. For a cellular plastic material having a density on the order of 10 kg/m, the difference between a 25 and 100 mm thick specimen ranges from 12—15%. This reduces to less than 4% for a density of 48 kg/m. References 23—27 discuss the issue of thickness in more detail. 

The traditional definition of a barrier polymer requited an oxygen permeabihty less than 2 nmol /(m-s-GPa) (originally, less than (1 comil)/(100 in. datm)) at room temperature. This definition was based pardy on function and partiy on conforming to the old commercial unit of permeabihty. The old commercial unit of permeabihty was created so that the oxygen permeabihty of Saran Wrap brand plastic film, a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company, would have a numerical value of 1. 

As mentioned above, the traditional definition of ventilation efficiency or, in approved terms, contaminant removal effectiveness, is the ratio between contaminant concentration in the exhaust air and the concentration at a point in the occupied space, i.e.,... 

The traditional definition of menorrhagia is a menstrual blood loss of greater than 80 mL per cycle. This definition has been questioned for several reasons, including difficulty with quantifying menstrual blood loss in clinical practice. Many women with heavy menses but blood loss of less than 80 mL will merit consideration for treatment because of problems with containment of flow, unpredictable heavy flow days, and other associated symptoms.8,9... 

Traditional definitions of safety factors in terms of strength requirements, such as load-resistance factors or allowable stresses, are not applicable in blast resistant design. Safety factors arc more appropriately measured in terms of strain energy demand versus strain energy absorption capacity, Allowable deformations arc a practical method to quantify energy absorption capacity. 

The traditional definition of the radar backscattering cross section can be stated clearly in a few words it is just 4it times what it ought to be. We therefore counsel the reader to mentally delete the factor 4it in (4.82) and only reintroduce it as a sop to convention when necessary. 

In many respects we have outgrown the traditional definition of the chemical industry. Changes in worldwide business conditions are having their impact on all of industry, and I shall look at what this means for companies with chemical products and for the people who work for them—especially scientists and engineers. 

The interesting point, however, about Rosener s conclusions is not that women and men necessarily lead in different ways, but that women s success in using a transformational style of leadership is pointing the way to a revision of traditional definitions of effective leadership. 

In the quantum field theories that describe the physics of elementary particles, the vacuum becomes somewhat more complex than previously defined. Even in empty space, matter can appear spontaneously as a result of fluctuations of Ihe vacuum. It may be pointed, out, for example, that an electron and a positron, or antielectron, can be created out of the void, Particles created in this way have only a fleeting existence they are annihilated almost as soon as they appear, and their pressure can never be detected directly. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles. Thus, the traditional definition of vacuum (space with no real particles in it) holds. In their excellent paper, the aforementioned authors discuss how, near a superheavy atomic nucleus, empty space may become unstable, with the result that matter and antimatter can be created without any input of energy. The process may soon be observed experimentally. 

It would be more logical to denote the right side of Eq. (9.25) in the form ocQLSMq) because Mq defines unambiguously the shell lN, and, therefore, there is no need to indicate lN. However, we retain this symbol as a traditional definition of the configuration. 

Emulsions are colloidal dispersions of liquid droplets in another liquid phase, sometimes stabilized by surface active agents. Emulsions thus consist of a discontinuous phase, dispersed in a continuous phase. The most common types of emulsions are water-in-oil (W/O) in which oil is the continuous phase, and oil-in-water (OAV) in which water forms the continuous phase. However, this traditional definition of an emulsion is too narrow to include most food emulsions. For example, in foods the dispersed phase may be partially solidified, as in dairy products or the continuous phase may contain crystalline material, as in ice cream. It may also be a gel, as in several desserts. In addition to this, air bubbles may have been incorporated to produce the desired texture. 

No oxygen is present in this reaction, so the traditional definition of oxidation will not help. But, since sodium is a metal, and metals lose electrons to nonmetals during the formation of an ionic bond, the sodium is oxidized in this reaction. 

Since thujane contains as ring substituents an isopropyl group as well as a methyl group, the name "northujane (see Appendix D) does not conform to the terpene traditional definition of nor. The bicyclo plan name, that is bicyclo[23.1.0 ]hexane, is therefore recommended for the name of the parent ring structure of thujane, the fourth fundamental type of bicyclic terpenes. 

These data show that by traditional definitions, it is likely that about one third of the U.S. workforce is working some nonstandard or irregular schedule. Furthermore, expanding the definition as suggested above, such that RTC Ops most accurately represent modem work practices, would likely increase these numbers yet further. 

A third and very important example is one where the unknown amount is not measured by a PMM directly in SI- or other units, but against commonly accepted references, usually values carried by reference materials (in whatever units). This is especially important in cases where the substance cannot (yet) be unequivocally identified as a unique substance (e.g. protein in beef or fibre in com flakes, both very important in trade). Since an amount-of-substance measurement is not (yet) possible because the substance to be measured is not (yet) uniquely defined, we go back to the traditional definition of calibration as illustrated in Fig. 5 [2], Several reference samples of different contents are prepared (or agreed) and their contents ex-... 

An elementary reaction is defined as a reaction that takes place as written in the reaction scheme. We will here distinguish between a truly elementary reaction, where the reaction takes place in isolation without any secondary collisions, and the traditional definition of an elementary reaction, where inelastic collisions among the molecules in the reaction scheme (or with container walls) can take place. 

Note that this differs from the traditional definition of specific activity as used in the discussion of enzymes.)... 

The most common traditional definition of the quantum/classical limit is the point at which Planck s constant h - 0. However, this is an unreasonable stipulation [33] because h is not dimensionless and its value can therefore not be varied. A possible operational condition could be formulated in terms of a dimensionless parameter of the form h/S 1, where S is the action quantity in a given situation. It could be argued that for S sufficiently large compared to h, measurement at the macroscopic level cannot detect quantum effects because of limited instrument resolution. This argument implies that the coarse-grained appearance of a classical world is simply a question of experimental accuracy and that every physical system ultimately displays quantum features and that there is no classical limit. 

The polarization is specified by the plane in which the electric vector oscillates the index s stands for perpendicular to the plane of reflection, and the index p stands for parallel to it (note the traditional definition of the plane of polarization is perpendicular to the plane of the vector oscillations ). The condensed expressions on the very right side of these equations result from applying Snell s law. For optically active media and incident circularly polarized radiation see Sec. 6.3 compare also Secs. 3.2, 4.6.4 and 4.6.5. The square of an electric field strength E is measured as intensity the quotient of the reflected intensity and the incident one is the reflectance R... 

In this book we shall mainly treat calculations obeying the traditional definition. In order to judge the possibilities of the ab... 

In an attempt to examine new concepts, which better deals with the fluctuations in the EFG and its relation to the molecular motion, the EFG-TCF was analyzed in the ellipsoidal picture. The EFG-TCF was written as the product of TCFs for the reorientation of the EFG ellipsoid and TCFs for the fluctuations in the form of the EFG [64]. First of all, it was necessary to change the way the identification of the principal axes between different time steps was done. The traditional definition of the principal axes of the EFG tensor is... 

At any rate, if Tq is the center of mass, it turns out that the paramagnetic part of the susceptibility (91) is related to the rotational c factor [7c] and hence is separately observable, which perhaps justifies the wide use of the traditional definition (91). 

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