Reaction of Hydrogen

Fischer-Tropsch reaction The catalytic reaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas ) to produce high-molecular weight hydrocarbons. 

Rettner C T 1992 Dynamics of the direct reaction of hydrogen atoms adsorbed on Cu(111) with hydrogen atoms incident from the gas phase Phys.Rev. Lett. 69 383... 

Here, clearly, a proton is donated to the ammonia, which is the base, and hydrogen chloride is the acid. In water, the reaction of hydrogen chloride is essentially... 

The relationship between reactants and products m addition reactions can be illustrated by the hydrogenation of alkenes to yield alkanes Hydrogenation is the addition of H2 to a multiple bond An example is the reaction of hydrogen with ethylene to form ethane... 

Our belief that carbocations are intermediates m the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes is strengthened by the fact that rearrangements sometimes occur For example the reaction of hydrogen chloride with 3 methyl 1 butene is expected to produce 2 chloro 3 methylbutane Instead a mixture of 2 chloro 3 methylbutane and 2 chloro 2 methylbutane results... 

Sodium hydride is manufactured by the reaction of hydrogen and molten sodium metal dispersed by vigorous agitation ia mineral oil (4). 

Reactions of Hydrogen and Other Elements. Hydrogen forms compounds with almost every other element. Direct reaction of the elements is possible in many cases. Hydrogen combines direcdy with the halogens, X2, to form the corresponding hydrogen halide. 

Hydrogen reacts direcdy with a number of metallic elements to form hydrides (qv). The ionic or saline hydrides ate formed from the reaction of hydrogen with the alkali metals and with some of the alkaline-eartb metals. The saline hydrides ate salt-like in character and contain the hydride, ie,, ion. Saline hydrides form when pure metals and H2 react at elevated temperatures (300—700°C). Examples of these reactions ate... 

Reaction with Meta/ Oxides. The reaction of hydrogen chloride with the transition-metal oxides at elevated temperatures has been studied extensively. Fe202 reacts readily at temperatures as low as 300°C to produce FeCl and water. The heavier transition-metal oxides require a higher reaction temperature, and the primary reaction product is usually the corresponding oxychlorides. Similar reactions are reported for many other metal oxides, such as Sb202, BeO, AI2O2, andTi02, which lead to the formation of relatively volatile chlorides or oxychlorides. 

Hydrogen chloride is produced by the direct reaction of hydrogen and chlorine, by reaction of metal chlorides and acids, and as a by-product from many chemical manufacturing processes such as chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

Cmde HCl recovered from production of chlorofluorocarbons by hydrofluorination of chlorocarbons contains unique impurities which can be removed by processes described in References 53—62. CICN—CI2 mixtures generated by reaction of hydrogen cyanide and CI2 during the synthesis of (CICN) can be removed from the by-product HCl, by fractional distillation and recycling (see Cyanides) (59). 

Reaction with Sulfur Nucleophiles, Because sulfai is highly nucleophilic, reactions of aziridines with sulfur nucleophiles generally proceed rapidly (111) and with good yields. The reaction of hydrogen sulfide [7783-06S-J with ethyleneimine yields cysteamine [60-23-1] (2-mercaptoethylamine) or bis(2-aminoethyl)sulfide [871-76-1] (2,112) depending on the molar ratio of the reactants. The use of NaHS for the synthesis of cysteamine has also been described (113). 

The reaction of hydrogen sulfide with aziridines in the presence of aldehydes or ketones provides a simple route to two-substituted thiazohdines (2,114-116). 

Irradiation of ethyleneimine (341,342) with light of short wavelength ia the gas phase has been carried out direcdy and with sensitization (343—349). Photolysis products found were hydrogen, nitrogen, ethylene, ammonium, saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, / -butane), and the dimer of the ethyleneimino radical. The nature and the amount of the reaction products is highly dependent on the conditions used. For example, the photoproducts identified ia a fast flow photoreactor iacluded hydrocyanic acid and acetonitrile (345), ia addition to those found ia a steady state system. The reaction of hydrogen radicals with ethyleneimine results ia the formation of hydrocyanic acid ia addition to methane (350). Important processes ia the photolysis of ethyleneimine are nitrene extmsion and homolysis of the N—H bond, as suggested and simulated by ab initio SCF calculations (351). The occurrence of ethyleneimine as an iatermediate ia the photolytic formation of hydrocyanic acid from acetylene and ammonia ia the atmosphere of the planet Jupiter has been postulated (352), but is disputed (353). 

The reaction of hydrogen and lithium readily gives lithium hydride [7580-67-8], LiH, which is stable at temperatures from the melting poiat up to 800°C. Lithium reacts with aitrogea, evea at ordiaary temperatures, to form the reddish browa nitride, Li3N. Lithium bums when heated in oxygen to... 

Lithium Peroxide. Lithium peroxide [12031 -80-0] Li202, is obtained by reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lithium hydroxide in ethanol (72) or water (73). Lithium peroxide, which is very stable as long as it is not exposed to heat or air, reacts rapidly with atmospheric carbon dioxide releasing oxygen. The peroxide decomposes to the oxide at temperatures above 300°C at atmospheric pressure, and below 300°C under vacuum. 

Peroxyoxalate. The chemical activation of a fluorescer by the reactions of hydrogen peroxide, a catalyst, and an oxalate ester has been the object of several mechanism studies. It was first proposed in 1967 that peroxyoxalate (26) was converted to dioxetanedione (27), a highly unstable intermediate which served as the chemical activator of the fluorescer (fir) (6,9). 

Formation of Hydrogen Tetroxide. The reaction of hydrogen atoms withHquid ozone at — 196°C proceeds through the intermediate formation of hydroperoxyl radicals forming hydrogen tetroxide, which decomposes on warming to produce equimolar amounts of and O2 (53). 

Peroxomonophosphoric acid can be prepared by the hydrolysis of peroxodiphosphates ia aqueous acid and by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with phosphorus pentoxide (45). It is not produced or used commercially and the salts that have been prepared are unstable and impure. 

Synthesis. Dialkyl peroxides are prepared by the reaction of various substrates with hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxides, or oxygen (69). They also have been obtained from reactions with other organic peroxides. For example, dialkyl peroxides have been prepared by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides with alMating agents, eg, RX and olefins (33,66,97) (eqs. 24—27). 

Method 4. Ritter reaction reaction of hydrogen cyanide with an olefin in an acidic medium to produce a primary amine. 

Nitriles. Nitriles can be prepared by a number of methods, including ( /) the reaction of alkyl haHdes with alkaH metal cyanides, (2) addition of hydrogen cyanide to a carbon—carbon, carbon—oxygen, or carbon—nitrogen multiple bond, (2) reaction of hydrogen cyanide with a carboxyHc acid over a dehydration catalyst, and (4) ammoxidation of hydrocarbons containing an activated methyl group. For reviews on the preparation of nitriles see references 14 and 15. 

Thermodynamics and Kinetics. Ammonia is synthesized by the reversible reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen. 

Ammonium Sulfide. Ammonium sulfide [12135-76-1/, (NH 2S> produced by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with excess ammonia. ... 

H. Adkins, Reactions of Hydrogen with Organic Compounds over Chromium Oxide andNickel Catalysts, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1946. 

Trichlorosilane. The primary production process for trichlorosilane is the direct reaction of hydrogen chloride gas and sihcon metal in a fluid-bed reactor. Although this process produces both trichlorosilane and sihcon tetrachloride, production of the latter can be minimi2ed by proper control of the reaction temperature (22). A significant amount of trichlorosilane is also produced by thermal rearrangement of sihcon tetrachloride in the presence of hydrogen gas and sihcon. 

Dkect synthesis is the preparative method that ultimately accounts for most of the commercial siUcon hydride production. This is the synthesis of halosilanes by the dkect reaction of a halogen or haUde with siUcon metal, siUcon dioxide, siUcon carbide, or metal sihcide without an intervening chemical step or reagent. Trichlorosilane is produced by the reaction of hydrogen chloride and siUcon, ferrosiUcon, or calcium sihcide with or without a copper catalyst (82,83). Standard purity is produced in a static bed at 400—900°C. 

The production of sihcon tetrachloride by these methods was abandoned worldwide in the early 1980s. Industrial tetrachlorosilane derives from two processes associated with trichlorosilane, the direct reaction of hydrogen chloride on sihcon primarily produced as an intermediate for fumed sihca production, and as a by-product in the disproportionation reaction of trichlorosilane to silane utilized in microelectronics. Substantial quantities of tetrachlorosilane are produced as a by-product in the production of zirconium tetrachloride, but this source has decreased in the 1990s owing to reduction in demand for zirconium in nuclear facihties (see Nuclearreactors). The price of tetrachlorosilane varies between l/kg and 25/kg, depending on grade and container. 

Strontium peroxide, Sr02, is a white powder with a specific gravity of 4.56 that decomposes in water. It is made by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with strontium oxide and is used primarily in pyrotechnics and medicines. 

Anhydrous gaseous or Hquid hydrogen sulfide is practically nonacidic, but aqueous solutions are weakly acid. The for the first hydrogen is 9.1 X 10 at 18°C for the second, is 1.2 x 10 . Reaction of hydrogen sulfide with one molar equivalent of sodium hydroxide gives sodium hydrosulfide with two molar equivalents of sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide forms. Hydrogen sulfide reacts with sodium carbonate to produce sodium hydrosulfide... 

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