Planets Jupiter

Irradiation of ethyleneimine (341,342) with light of short wavelength ia the gas phase has been carried out direcdy and with sensitization (343—349). Photolysis products found were hydrogen, nitrogen, ethylene, ammonium, saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, / -butane), and the dimer of the ethyleneimino radical. The nature and the amount of the reaction products is highly dependent on the conditions used. For example, the photoproducts identified ia a fast flow photoreactor iacluded hydrocyanic acid and acetonitrile (345), ia addition to those found ia a steady state system. The reaction of hydrogen radicals with ethyleneimine results ia the formation of hydrocyanic acid ia addition to methane (350). Important processes ia the photolysis of ethyleneimine are nitrene extmsion and homolysis of the N—H bond, as suggested and simulated by ab initio SCF calculations (351). The occurrence of ethyleneimine as an iatermediate ia the photolytic formation of hydrocyanic acid from acetylene and ammonia ia the atmosphere of the planet Jupiter has been postulated (352), but is disputed (353). 

Our solar system consists of the Sun, the planets and their moon satellites, asteroids (small planets), comets, and meteorites. The planets are generally divided into two categories Earth-like (terrestrial) planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars and Giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Little is known about Pluto, the most remote planet from Earth. 

Its alloy with copper provided the material for the Bronze Age. Alchemists associated tin with the planet Jupiter. 

The gas giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The planet Pluto has a status of its own, and has recently been renamed a dwarf planet. 

The planet Jupiter occupies a special position in the solar system. It is the largest and heaviest planet, with a mass of 1/1,047 that of the sun. Jupiter consists almost solely of hydrogen and helium with a ratio similar to that found in the sun itself He H 1 10. Small amounts of some heavier elements are present, such as B, N, P, S, C and Ge. The density of Jupiter has been calculated as 1,300 kg/m3. Its atmosphere can be divided into three zones (starting from the outermost) ... 

One more important property of Jupiter must be mentioned the Earth owes its relatively quiet periods (in geological terms) to the huge gravitational force of the giant planet. Jupiter attracts most of the comets and asteroids orbiting in its vicinity, thus protecting the Earth from impact catastrophes ... 

The density estimates in Table 7.1 show a distinction between the structures of the planets, with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars all having mean densities consistent with a rocky internal structure. The Earth-like nature of their composition, orbital periods and distance from the Sun enable these to be classified as the terrestrial planets. Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus have very low densities and are simple gas giants, perhaps with a very small rocky core. Neptune and Pluto clearly contain more dense materials, perhaps a mixture of gas, rock and ice. 

You won t find this happening in your fireplace, though. It doesn t have enough heat or high enough pressure. The cores of stars have supercritical fluids, and the planet Jupiter has some gaseous layers that are supercritical and denser than water. Most decaffeinated coffee has its caffeine removed using supercritical carbon dioxide. 

Alkanes are often found in natural systems. They are the main constituents in the atmospheres of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Methane is also thought to have been a major component of the atmosphere of the early Earth. Natural gas and oil are primarily made of alkanes. 

The nature of these two phases helps to throw light on the metal-nonmetal transition. For example there has been much speculation that hydrogen molecules at sufficiently high pressure, such as those occurring on the planet Jupiter, might undergo a transition to un alkali metal The fundamental transition is one of a dramatic change of the van der Waals interactions of H, molecules into metallic cohesion. ... 

Forces make things happen. Forces speed things up and forces slow things down. There are attractive forces and repulsive forces. An attractive force pulls magnetic decals to the refrigerator door and pulled Comet Shoemaker-Levy into the churning surface of the planet Jupiter a repulsive force pushes two strips of scotch tape apart after they are stripped from a table top. In the arsenal of physical concepts, force is one of the most important. 

Hydrogen gas has been found occluded in meteorites, and also is present in nebulae, fixed stars, and in the Sun. Anders and Grevesse calculated mass fractions of H, He, and heavier elements (Li-U) in the solar system, and derived values of 70.683, 27.431, and 1.886%, respectively. The major planets (Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, and Uranus) contain large amounts of hydrogen in their atmospheres, along with He, CH4, and NH3. 

One planet, Jupiter, contains most of the orbiting mass of the solar system. 

Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun and about four times the size of Earth. Astronomers consider Neptune to form with Uranus a subgroup of the Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). Neptune and Uranus are similar in size, mass, periods of their rotation, the overall features of their magnetic fields, and ring systems. However they differ in the structure of their atmospheres (perhaps the more conspicuous features of Neptune s clouds are caused by its significant internal energy source, which Uranus lacks), the orientations of their rotation axes, and in their satellite systems. 

Neptune s upper atmosphere (what we see) is a mixture of hydrogen, helinm, methane and traces of acetylene (C2H2), carbon dioxide, and other gasses. Orrly 10% of the planet s mass is in this outermost layer (approximately 3,100 mi or 5,000 km thick). Under the upper atmophere lies a lower atmophere of molecnlar (gaseous) hydrogen and helium, plus some ices (approximately 6,200 mi or 10,000 km thick). Below the atmosphere lies the mantle, a water ice and rock mixture that perhaps contains methane ice and aitrmonia ice mixed in. A core is at the center of the planet s mass, and it is likely a body with a 6,200-mi radios and represents 45% of the planet s mass that is conposed of silicate rock and water ice. Like the other Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranns), Neptune has a distinctive structure quite different from the terrestrial planets like Earth. 

Planet Jupiter Mars Saturn Venus Mercury... 

---