Raw Material for the Chemical Industry

Amino acids are used in feeds (214), food (214), parenteral and enteral nutrition (93), medicine (215), cosmetics (216), and raw materials for the chemical industry (217). 

Different methods available for material recycling of plastics waste into raw materials for the chemical industry are reviewed and discussed. The technical problems, energy efficiencies and cost efficiencies of the processes are examined. 35 refs. 

U. Biermann, W. Friedt, S. Lang, W. Luhs, G. Machmuller, J.O. Metzger, M.R. Klass, H.J. Schafer and M.R Schmeider New Syntheses with Oils and Fats as Renewable Raw Materials for the Chemical Industry , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl, 2000, 39, 2206. 

Bierman, U., Friedt, W., Lang, S., Luhs, W., MachmuUer, G., Metzger, J.O., Ruschmgen Klass, M., Schafer, H.J. and Schneider, M.P. (2000) New syntheses with oils and fats as renewable raw materials for the chemical industry. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 39(13), 2206-2224 and references therein. 

A minor part of mined fossil fuels is used as a raw material for the chemical industry (e.g., plastics, synthetic fabrics, carbon black, ammonia, and fertilizers). The major part supplies the energy needs for modem society. Fossil fuels supply about 86% of global primary energy consumption (39% oil, 24% coal, and 23% natural gas), providing energy for transportation, electricity generation, and industrial, commercial, and residential uses (El A 2001). Coal, and to a lesser extent oil, combustion leaves a significant amount of solid waste. The treatment of solid waste from fossil fuel combustion is treated in different chapters of this book. In this chapter we focus on air emissions of fossil fuel combustion, and their impact on human health and the environment. 

The worldwide increase in the price of petroleum and coal has created an interest in alternative sources of raw materials. Biomass is an attractive renewable raw material comprising all types of agricultural and silvicultural vegetation. These renewable resources have recently been considered major alternative raw materials for the chemical industry. 

Why did he think this was so One answer is that alkanes are available as raw material for the chemical industry, and new reactions by which they can be converted into functionally substituted organic compounds are likely to be of considerable interest to the industrial chemist. A second answer is that the nature of any interaction between an alkane and a transition metal must be quite different from that of other hydrocarbons (i.e., alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds) having 7r-electrons that can play a dominant role. 

Biotechnology will allow increasingly eco-efficient use of renewable resources as raw materials for the (chemical) industry ... 

A review of the commercial processes discussed thus far serves to illustrate the frequency with which salts serve as raw materials for the chemical industries. The salts so employed may be either naturally occurring materials or the principal products or by-products of other large-scale chemical operations. It is not feasible here to consider these matters either broadly or exhaustively. Only a few of the more common types of salts are considered briefly in the following subsections. 

This chapter reviews how use of plant biomass for delivery of raw materials for the chemical industry has developed, identifying how key plant metabolites have or are being used by industry, and how the potential to exploit plants can be expanded through use of biotechnology and developing thermal technologies... 

In Europe, approximately 69 million tons of oil was used as the raw material for the chemical industry in 2008 [1], The total oil demand in Europe was 703 million tons in that year [2], In contrast, only approximately 5% of all industry feedstock is of renewable origin [3], Most of this reflects direct use of natural products like cotton for textiles, wood pulp for papermaking, or different oils for special applications and for oleochemistry in general (detergents, lubricants, etc.) [3],... 

In the latter part of the nineteenth century new raw materials for the chemical industries became available from city gas and by-product cote oven operations. Benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, phenol, cresols, and xylenols served as crudes for conversion to various intermediates used in the growing new synthetic dyestuff industry. Many of these intermediates and finished products were nitro compounds and found their way into the explosive industry. 

Coal and mineral oil are not only used as fuel, but they are moreover Important raw materials for the chemical Industry, especially as carbonaceous materials for the production of organic chemicals. For this use, mineral oils show two Important advantages as compared with coal (a) they are liquids and are therefor easier to handle and process (b) their compositions are complicated but easier to analyze. 

The dramatic increase of mineral oil prices has caused intense efforts to develop alternative sources to provide liquid fuels and raw materials for the chemical industry. Due to limited resources, the production of mineral oil is predicted to peak before the year 2000 and to decline from tlien on (Figure 1) [1]. Resources of coal arc estimated to be ten times larger than those of mineral oil. Thus, in the long run, production of coal will exceed that of oil and processes for hydrocarbon synthesis will be based on coal. The economy of these processes is dependent on the oil-to-coal price ratio and the date of their technical realization is difficult to foresee at present. 

One important chemical treatment of such waste is treatment with gaseous ozone. This method has not received adequate attention. Ozone has become important in recent years as an industrial raw material for the chemical industry. It is now available in tonnage quantities at a competitive cost for use as an oxidizing agent and as a chemical raw material. An excellent compilation of history, generation, and properties of ozone has been prepared by Hann and Manley (5). 

Sodium is the most abundant metal in sea water. Sodium chloride is commercially produced from sea water by solar evaporation. Salt is a dietary necessity, but only a small fraction of the production is actually used as table salt in foods. The chemical usages for sodium are so extensive that salt is one of the most important raw materials for the chemical industries. 

Ethylene as Raw Materials for the Chemical Industry, Decbema, Frankfurt-am-Main (27/28 March 1968). lira, IL, Blau, W., Grimm, D., Acetaldehyde via air or oxygen , Hydrocarbon Processing 55(3)97-100 (1976). 

Schwerdte) W Vinyl acetate based on ethylene in the gas phase, Conference an Acetylene or Ethylene as Raw Materials for the Chemical Industry, Dechema, Frankfart-am-Maia (27/29 March 1968). 

A review of new developments for the non-food utilization of D-fructose as organic raw material for the chemical industry has appeared.105... 

The light fractions of petroleum (gases from methane to butane) are valuable raw materials for the chemical industry from which products such as solvents, liquid motor fuel, alcohol, synthetic rubber, fertilizers, artificial fiber and other products of organic synthesis are made. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the loss of light fractions during petroleum processing. Thus, all hydrocarbons derivable from petroleum need to be preserved for subsequent processing. 

Consequently, feedstock recycling appears as a potentially interesting approach, based on the conversion of plastic wastes into valuable chemicals useful as fuels or as raw materials for the chemical industry. The cleavage and degradation of the polymer chains may be promoted by temperature, chemical agents, catalysts, etc. 

One final note Forestry in the U.S. is one of the few natural resources that is increasing rather than decreasing every year. Naval stores, as byproducts of forestry, will therefore stay with us for many years to come, as an important renewable source of raw materials for the chemical industries. 

Advances in such ancillary processes, as well as in the basic catalytic reforming process itself, continue to be made and continue to provide greater flexibility. This, in turn, tends to make catalytic reforming even more attractive as a source of raw materials for the chemical industry. 

Furaldehyde is used as a solvent in the manufacture of polymers and as a starting material for syntheses. 2-Furaldehyde could attain the importance of a raw material for the chemical industry if the trend towards the use of regenerative raw materials increases further. 

Formation and Uses of Naphthalene. In the production of coke for use in blast ftimaces, coal tar is produced as a liquid by-product. Raw materials for the chemical industry, metallurgy, and energy production are obtained from this complex mixture of chemical compounds with aromatic character [2171. 

The conversion of gas to liquid secondary energy carrier is also technically possible. The most widely known process converts the carbon monoxide in the gas to methanol by adding hydrogen. This hydrocarbon can be used as an additive to conventional petrol as well as a raw material for the chemical industry. To date, however, no commercially viable facility has been developed. In large plants it is also feasible to use the producer gas to produce chemicals such as methanol, hydrogen, or ammonia. 

The sugar-containing feedstock is next inoculated with yeast. Continuous operation is usually done for small-scale production of high-quality spirits such as beverages and discontinuous (batch) operations are used in large-scale systems for production of ethanol as a raw material for the chemical industry. After the fermentation, the yeast is removed from the slurry and recycled. 

However, hydrogen can also be used with a high exergetic efficiency in fuel cells for a variety of applications, and, where appropriate, it can be used in combined heat and power for electricity generation (see Chaps. 4—9), or as a raw material for the chemical industry (Chap. 10). 

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