Functional substitution

The group H2C=CHCH2 — IS known as allyT which IS both a common name and a permissible lUPAC name It is most often encountered m functionally substituted deriv atives and compounds containing this group are much better known by their functional class lUPAC names than by their substitutive ones... 

Although the term terpene once referred only to hydrocarbons current usage includes functionally substituted derivatives as well grouped together under the general term isoprenoids Figure 26 6 (page 1086) presents the structural formulas for a number of representative examples The isoprene units m some of these are relatively easy to identify The three isoprene units m the sesquiterpene farnesol, for example are mdi cated as follows m color They are joined m a head to tail fashion... 

Catalysis. Platinum-catalyzed hydrosilation is used for cross-linking siUcone polymers and for the preparation of functionally substituted silane monomers (250). The most widely used catalyst is chloroplatinic acid (Spier s catalyst), H2PtCl3. Other compounds that catalyze the reaction include Pt(Il)... 

Some examples of ring opening reactions with carbanions leading to five-membered heterocyclic ring formation are shown in Scheme 85. Pyrrole syntheses from functionally substituted oxiranes and amines are often described and typical examples are shown in Scheme 86. 

Since the discovery of the first perfluoroalkyllithium and -magnesium compounds, their reactions with various carbonyl compounds [68] have been actively studied. These reactions could lead to functionally substituted fluoro compounds, as shown in equation 36... 

Pentafluorobenzyl bromide has been used in the derivatization of mercaptans [55] and phenols [36], m the analysis of prostaglandins [37], and in quantitative GC-MS [5S] 1,3 Dichlorotetrafluoroacetone is used for the derivatization of amino acids to the corresponding cyclic oxazolidinones and allows the rapid analysis of all 20 protein ammo acids [d] Pentafluorophenyldialkylchlorosilane derivatives have facilitated the gas chromatographic analysis of a wide range of functionally substituted organic compounds, including steroids, alcohols, phenols, amines, carboxylic acids, and chlorohydrms [4]... 

The series of l,3-dimethyl-5-ethynylpyrazoles, including the functionally substituted ones, was obtained at lower temperature (100-105° C, 10 wt % of powdered KOH, 1.5-2 mm Hg) (86TH1). 

The data obtained allow us to make some generalizations for the heterocy-clization of the functionally substituted acetylenic derivatives of the benzene and pyrazole series. Studies of the heterocyclization of the functionally substituted acetylenic derivatives of substituted benzenes and pyrazoles reveal noticeable differences in their reactivities. 

Synthetically, vicinal functionally substituted aryl- and hetarylacetylenes are promising intermediates for preparing different condensed heterocyclic compounds, taking into account the fact that these polyfunctional groups can be selectively involved in cyclization processes. 

Otlier examples are provided by structures witli bridging arenetliiolate anions. Hie application of functionally substituted copper arenetiiiolates as catalysts In... 

This relation defines a time-dependent column vector a. Because = 1, Eq. (7-50) implies afa = 1 a is a unit vector. This is true of all state vectors that correspond to normalized state functions. Substitution of (7-50) into (7-49), subsequent multiplication by u, and integration yield the Schrodinger equation (sometimes called the equation of motion ) for the component ar... 

R1 = R2 = H, Alkyl, Alkenyl, Arenyl, Aryl, functionally substituted Alkyl, Alkenyl,... 

This subsection covers not only the conversion of one simple alkylquinoxaline into another but also the conversion of a (functionally substituted alkyl)quinoxaline into another such quinoxaline provided the alkyl portion, and not just the functionality, is changed. The following classihed examples illustrate typical processes involved. 

The hydrostannation reaction can proceed either by a free-radical mechanism, or, with polar-substituted alkenes or alkynes, by a polar mechanism, respectively resulting in anti-Markownikoff or Markow-nikoff orientation. Both t3rpes of reaction are particularly suitable for preparing functionally substituted, organotin compounds. 

With functionally substituted, alkyltin compounds, the functional substituent may become involved in the cleavage process, resulting in an intramolecular reaction, e.g.. 

As explained earfier step polymerisations generally occur by condensation reactions between functionally substituted monomers. In order to obtain high molar mass products bifuncfional reactants are used monofunctional compounds are used to control the reaction while trifunctional species may be included in order to give branched or crosslinked polymers. A number of types of reaction may be involved, as described briefly in the following paragraphs. 

Addition of CBr4 to a number of monomers including functional-substituted monomers (heptene-1, octene-1, styrene, and methylacrylate) has been performed in the presence of SmJ2 under mild conditions to give the adducts in high yield (ref. 4). 

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