Rat studies

Contact or ingestion of cyanamide must be avoided, and precautions taken to prevent inhalation of dust or spray mist. In rat studies cyanamide-100 toxicity ranges from a single oral dose LD q of 280 mg/kg to a single dermal dose LD q of 590 (420—820) mg/kg. The compound is, therefore, considered to be moderately toxic both by ingestion in single doses and by single-skin appHcations. An aqueous paste of the product is corrosive to rabbit skin. Small quantities of the dry product produced severe irritation when introduced into the conjunctival sac of the rabbit eye. 

In an animal study of rats exposed by inhalation to ethylene oxide at 10, 33, or 100 ppm for approximately two years (245), and in a separate chronic rat study in which rats were exposed to 50 or 100 ppm of ethylene oxide (240), increased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia, peritoneal mesothelioma, and various brain tumors have been reported. In an NTP (246) two-year inhalation study of mice at 50 and 100 ppm, alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas and adenomas, papillary cystadenomas of the harderian gland, and malignant lymphomas, uterine adenocarcinomas, and mammary gland tumors were increased in one or both exposure groups. 

Anton RF, Pettinati H, Zweben A, et al A multi-site dose ranging study of nalmefene in the treatment of alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24 421 28, 2004 Aragon CM, Stotland LM, Amit Z Studies on ethanol-brain catalase interaction evidence for central ethanol oxidation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15 165-169, 1991 Arizzi MN, Correa M, Betz AJ, et al Behavioral effects of intraventricular injections of low doses of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate in rats studies with low and high rate operant schedules. Behav Brain Res 147 203—210, 2003 Azrin NH, Sisson RW, Meyers R, et al Alcoholism treatment by disulfiram and community reinforcement therapy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 13 105—112, 1982 Babor TF, Kranzler HR, Lauerman RL Social drinking as a health and psychosocial risk factor Anstie s limit revisited, in Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol 5. Edited by Galanter M. New York, Plenum, 1987, pp 373 02... 

Rohm Haas (1976) Sub-chronic (90 day) toxicity study with compound 1130-100 in rats. Study conducted for Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals Inc. by Centraal Instituut voor Voeding-sonderzoek (TNO), Ziest, December (Report No. R 5226). 

EPA. 1986e. Review of subchronic oral rat study (30-day) using endosulfan - technical. Memorandum. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Document no. 004892. 

ROE F J c, LEE P N, CONYBEARE G, et al, (1995) The Biosure Study influence of composition of diet and food consumption on longevity, degenerative diseases and neoplasia in Wistar rats studied for up to 30 months post weaning. Food Chemicals Toxicol. 33 Suppl 1 IS-IOOS. 

TOPPING D L, ILLMAN R J, ROACH P D, TRIMBLE R P, KAMBOURIS A, NESTED P J (1990) Modulation of hypolipidemic effect of fish oil by dietary fiber in rats studies with rice bran and wheat bran. JNutr, 120(4) 325-30. 

Developmental Toxicity. A single rat study, which found no adverse effects, addressed the developmental effects of diisopropyl methylphosphonate (Hart 1980). Additional data that utilize a greater range of doses in a few different species may be helpful. 

No gross or histological hepatic alterations were observed in rabbits exposed to <480 mg/kg/day or chickens exposed to up to 720 mg/kg/day, respectively, of Cellulube 220 for an acute duration (Carpenter et al. 1959). No hepatic effects were reported in rats exposed to 50 mg/kg/day of Pydraul 90E for an intermediate duration (Monsanto 1979). Several intermediate-exposure rat studies showed liver effects for organophosphate esters. Liver weight increases were shown for tributyl phosphate at 250 mg/kg/day (Laham et al. 1985 Oishi et al. 1982), trioctyl phosphate at 250 mg/kg/day (Oishi et al. 1982),... 

Two studies on intermediate-duration exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids are available a single oral exposure rat study to MIL-H-5606 (Mattie et al. 1993), and an inhalation-exposure study in rats to Houghto-Safe 5047F (Kinkead et el. 1991). Because no other intermediate-duration studies were located, no inhalation or oral intermediate MRLs were derived. Inhalation, oral, and dermal systemic toxicity studies examining a number of end points would be useful in identifying the targets of toxicity of mineral oil hydraulic fluids. 

FMC. 1990a. Non-definitive acute oral toxicity study of Durad 110 in rats. Study No. 190-1143. FMC Corporation, Princeton, NJ. 

Palminger Hallen I, Jorhem L, Oskarsson A. 1995. Placental and lactational transfer of lead in rats study on the lactational process and effects on offspring. Arch Toxicol 69 596-602. 

Takeda, N., Inagaki, S., Taguchi, Y. et al. (1984). Origins of histamine-containing fibers in the cerebral cortex of rats studied by immunohistochemistry with histidine decarboxylase as a marker and transection. Brain Res. 323, 55-63. 

Wang, Q. P., Ochiai, H. Nakai, Y. (1992). GABAergic innervation of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat studied by electron microscopy double immunostaining. Brain Res. Bull. 29, 943-8. 

Magnusson, G. (1963). The behavior of certain lanthanons in rats Studies on the excretion, subcellular liver distribution, and toxicology after intravenous administration, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 20, No. 2, 95. 

Keniston, R.C., S. Cabellon, Jr., and K.S. Yarbrough. 1987. Pyridoxal 5 -phosphate as an antidote for cyanide, spermine, gentamicin, and dopamine toxicity an in vivo rat study. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88 433-441. Knocke, W.R. 1981. Electroplating and cyanide wastes. Jour. Water Pollut. Contr. Feder. 53 847-851. Knowles, C.J. 1988. Cyanide utilization and degradation by microorganisms. Pages 3-15 in D. Evered and S. 

The plasma levels of triprolidine hydrochloride were determined in 16 normal male subjects.12 When administered orally at a concentration of 3.75 mg triprolidine hydrochloride in 15 ml of syrup, peak plasma levels of 8.2 ng/ml were achieved in 2 hours with a drug half-life of 5 hours. The low plasma levels found indicate a large volume of tissue distribution which was consistent with data obtained from rat studies. 

The course of post-LSD pupillary changes, with respect to dosage schedule and intensity and duration of effects, is a valuable tool. Pupil size 3 hr after the initial dose responded to the second dose of LSD and was an obvious measure to track in acute tolerance studies in humans. Given the number of rat studies in which this would be useful to monitor, the problem lies in determining rat mydriasis (easy in other animals) while a computerized pupillometer (developed by Martin Adler at Temple University) was informally tried by us once with LSD, systematic studies have not been done. 

Testicular interstitial cell tumors occur spontaneously in aged rats, and the incidence can vary greatly in control groups. This tumor is believed to be hormonally mediated. There was no evidence of malignancy in three rat studies and no evidence of this type of tumor in mice. It can be concluded that the tumorigenic effect, if real, is most unlikely to be relevant to human exposure [13]. 

Data adequacy The database is rich. The calculated AEGL-2 values are supported by rat studies where exposure of rats to 1 ppm phosgene for 4 h resulted in severe pulmonary edema and body weight loss. (Franch and Hatch 1986 Erlich et al. 1989). Use of these data (and application of a total UF of 10) results in supporting AEGL-2 values of 0.8, 0.4, 0.1, and 0.05 ppm for the 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h time points, respectively. The 10-min value is supported by Diller et al. (1985) as described above in the time scaling section. ... 

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