Radiological risk assessment

Fernades, H. M., Franklin, M. R., Veiga, L. H. S., Freitas, P. Gomiero, L. A. 1996. Management of uranium mill tailing geochemical processes and radiological risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 30, 69-95. 

Durante, M., Pugliese, M. (2003). Depleted uranium residual radiological risk assessment for Kosovo sites. J. Environ. Radioact. 64 237 5. 

The health effects associated with radon, as well as sources and mitigation measures, are discussed in detail in several National Research Council reports (1988, 1991), in the book edited by Nazaroff and Nero (1988), and in the International Commission on Radiological Protection Report (1994). Initial risk assessments were based on data from underground miners who were exposed to relatively high levels of radon and its progeny. However, there has been considerable controversy over the extrapolation to lower levels in homes [e.g., see summaries by Nazaroff and Teichman (1990) and Peto and Darby (1994)]. 

For better or worse, the approaches to risk assessment that have been developed for purposes of radiological protection have set a pattern which has influence approaches for assessing the risks of chemical mutagens and carcinogens. 

Use risk assessment of potential biological, chemical, or radiological hazards in the community to determine roles and responsibilities of those involved in public health BT response. 

No information is available on whether children differ from adults in their weight-adjusted intake of uranium. The fractional absorption of uranium (as uranyl nitrate and uranyl citrate) by the oral route was higher in neonatal than in adult rats and swine (Sullivan 1980b Sullivan and Gorham 1982). In a mathematical model developed by the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP) for risk assessment, one of the assumptions is that the fractional absorption of ingested uranium is twice as high in children under the age of 1 year compared to adults. 

Ter-Saakov, A.A., Glebov, M.V. and Gordeev, S.K., Working Materials to The 1st IAEA Co-ordinate Meeting on The Radiological Impact of Hot Beta Particles from the Chernobyl Fallout Risk Assessment, August 26-30, 1991, Kiev, Ukraine, CIS. 

Risk assessments have been performed for a variety of topics, from accidents in the workplace, to lifestyle choices and natural catastrophes. This chapter will focus on evaluating human risk primarily from chemical and radiological exposure. Risk assessment as defined by the National Academy of Science is the use of the factual base to define the health effects of exposure of individuals or populations to hazardous materials and situations. Risk assessment determines if a chemical has a toxic effect, estimates the exposure to this chemical and identifies the adverse effects of the chemical. The combination of the toxicity influenced by the level of exposure estimates what the... 

The analysis would typically involve a multitiered approach using different codes, including detailed system and containment analysis codes, more simplified risk assessment and separate effects codes, and source term and radiological impact studies. Use of a full selection of codes will ensure that all the expected phenomena... 

Parmaksiz, A., 2013. Measurement of naturally occurring radionuclides in geothermal samples and assessment of radiological risks and radiation doses. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 157, 585-593. 

Review and assessment of the information submitted by the operating organization in support of its licence application shall be performed by the regulatory body to determine whether the proposed facility can be sited, constructed, commissioned, operated, utilized, modified and decommissioned without undue radiological risk to the site personnel, the general public and the environment. Within this overall objective, specific objectives of the review and assessment are ... 

The safety of waste disposal is assessed on the basis of specific protection objectives formulated by the Swiss regulatory authority. The protection objectives limit the annual dose equivalent or the radiological risk to an individual and they require that post-closure safety must not depend on long-term monitoring or any other interventions to ensure safety. 

The ICRC work started in 2009 because of the publication of a global risk assessment on the use of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) weapons and the observation at the time that an international response to assist the victims was not feasible. Thus, the decision was made by ICRC to provide specific training and equipping for its field teams to provide a self-contained response. It was recognised that the medical assistance required relates to a field of medicine where real experience is scarce but that necessary responses can be based on clinical analogy from accidental exposures and from other clinical conditions. 

Except for large scale accidental releases (e.g. nuclear explosions or catastrophic accidents at nuclear plants), water will be the main transport medium of plutonium to man. Therefore the size and location of plutonium sources, its pathways to man and its behaviour in natural waters are essential knowledge required for the evaluation of its ecological impact. That information, combined with radiological health standards, allows an assessment of the overall risk to the public from plutonium e.g. from a waste repository for spent unreprocessed reactor fuel elements in deep granite bedrock (8, 9). ... 

Individual dose assessment requires radiological data on all external and internal sources contributing to occupational and non-occupational radiation exposure (Steinhausler and Pohl, 1983). This is of particular importance in the case of low level Rn-d exposure, as man is always exposed to Rn-d at varying levels through all stages of life, e.g. at school, home or work. The resulting lifetime risk from this chronic exposure is influenced by the latent... 

---