Human risk

A thorough review of the health aspects of talc was presented ia an EDA-sponsored seminar ia Bethesda, Maryland, ia January 1994 (9). The executive summary states that the probabiUty of human risk is likely nonexistent under customary conditions of use. Used for decades ia a wide variety of cosmetic and other appHcations, talc has proven to be among the safest of all consumer products. 

FIGURE 5.56 The threshold region for chronic dose-response curves. [Reprinted with permission from Tardiff, R.G., and Rodricks, J.V. (1987). (Eds.), Toxic Substances and Human Risks Principles of Data Interpretation. New York Plenum Press.]... 

Olden, K., and Klein, J.-L. (1995). Environmental health science research and human risk assessment. Mol, Carcinogen. 14, 2-9. 

Savolainen, K. M. (1997). The use of maximum tolerated dose in rodent carcinogenicity bioas says and its relevance to human risk assessment. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 16, 190-192. 

In order to assess the target concentrations of air contaminants both human risk-based and technology-based approaches can be used (Fig. 6.7). The various approaches are dealt with in more detail elsewhere. F" ... 

Pedersen, O. M. (1985). Human Risk Contributions in the Process Industry Guides for their Pre-Identificationx in Well-Structured Activities and for Post-Incident Analysis. Report No. RIS0-M-2513, Riso National Laboratories, Roskilde, Denmark. 

Human health risk assessment estimates the likelihood of health problems occurring if no cleanup action were ttikcn at the site. To cstiimite the baseline risk at a site, the following four-step process should be taken to detennine Uie possible human risk which will then detennine what sort of corrective action should be employed ... 

When using animal inhalation e.xpcrimcnts to estimate lifetime human risks for partially soluble vapors or gases, the air concentration (ppm) is generally considered to be the equivalent dose between species based on cqui alcnt c.xposure times (measured as fractions of a lifetime). For inhalation of particulates or completely absorbed gases, the amount absorbed per unit of body surface area is considered to be the equivalent dose between species. 

Because of the high human risks associated with both OP insecticides and the related nerve gases, antidotes have been developed to counteract poisoning by them. Basically, these are of two different kinds ... 

Allen BC, Fisher JW. 1993. Pharmacokinetic modeling of trichloroethylene and trichloroacetic acid in humans. Risk Anal 13 71-86. 

In contrast, the calculation of human risk for genotoxic carcinogens from... 

Based on the experience gained during the past U to 5 years, it was demonstrated that no pesticides were canceled on the basis of unacceptably high levels of N-nitroso contaminants. It is anticipated that the EPA Nitroso Policy will improve pesticide products even further by a reduction or elimination of N-nitroso contaminants from potential sources. In this way, the human risk from these potentially hazardous chemicals will be minimized. 

Hart 1976). These studies, however, do not conclusively predict the human risk of skin irritation or sensitivity, but it is not believed that levels found in water near the RMA would cause dermal effects. 

Table 1.5. Classification of chemical substances according to their human risk factor (State Standard GOST 12.1.007-76)... 

Conversion of experimental dose/response data into a form suitable for extrapolation of human risk using least squares or, more usually, maximum likelihood curve fits. 

This model does not allow for a threshold effect, and thus may overstate the risk at low doses. It tends to yield higher estimates of human risk than the other models discussed below. 

This chapter considers the recently developed tools and the latest versions of the old tools. Some of the tools comprise not only the environmental compartments used on environmental risk assessment but also the human compartment necessary for human health risk assessment. For this reason, when summarizing the models, as described in the second part of this chapter, several characteristics of human compartment are discussed as well. However, a detailed description of human compartment together with a wide range of tools developed for exposure and human risk assessment is presented in the next chapter. 

For the two aforementioned steps, hazard identification and hazard characterization, data adequacy is of high importance. The data adequacy is defined by the reliability and the relevance of the data for human risk assessment [3],... 

Human risk assessment (HRA) was done applying guidelines from the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) and selecting water ingestion as route of exposure for human health assessment [20]. According to the... 

Huber WW, Grasl KB, Schulte HR (1996) Hepatocarcinogenic potential of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rodents and its implications on human risk. Crit Rev Toxicol 26 365-481... 

For pesticides that pose human risks through a common biological mode of action (like the OP insecticides), aggregate exposures to all such pesticides must be evaluated together in determining whether a given... 

Lake B. 1999. Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity, relevance for human risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 37(4) 423-453. 

Mammal-derived TEFs underestimate the potency of planar PCB mixtures in fish (Newsted et al. 1995). TEF values of non-ort/zo-PCB congeners based on mortality of rainbow trout in early life stages are as much as 1000 times lower than TEFs proposed for human risk assessment (Walker... 

Holson, J.F., J.M. DeSesso, A.R. Scialli, and C.F. Farr. 1998. Inorganic arsenic and prenatal development a comprehensive evaluation for human risk assessment. SEGH 3rd Inter. Conf. Arsenic Expos. Health Effects 23. 

Interpreting Laboratory Animal Data in Terms of Human Risk.11... 

INTERPRETING LABORATORY ANIMAL DATA IN TERMS OF HUMAN RISK... 

BorghoffSJ. 1993. 2u-Globulin-mediated male rat nephropathy and kidney cancer relevance to human risk assessment. Chemical Industry Institute of Technology (CUT) Activities 1-8. 

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