Quantitative test method

The purpose of introducing the term bias into coal analysis is to endure the correctness of the analytical data. Understanding the terms precision and bias as used in quantitative test methods (ASTM D-3670 ASTM D-6300 ASTM D-6708 ASTM E-177) is a necessary part of ensuring the accuracy of the data produced by analytical test methods. 

There are instances where a qualitative test for comparative or quality control (QC) purposes may be desired and the quantitative test methods used for equipment design or analysis purposes described in the preceding sections are not essential for the flow concerns being assessed. These non-scalable, qualitative tests may be used to measure cenain attributes/characteristics of the bulk solid within a pre-defined range. These attributes may include chemical composition, particle size, color, moisture, and often, flow properties. 

Quantitative testing methods are imposed by the FDA Qualitative testing methods arise from communal norms and self-imposed standards... 

As a complement to Table 8.11 the most important simple quantitative test methods, which as a rule can be carried out in any textile laboratory, are commented on below. More complicated methods are only used for wool damage... 

Homogeneous single-phase polyblends are very rare. Liquid-liquid phase separation of optically homogeneous polyblends of a styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer with poly (methyl methacrylate) has been studied by L. P. McMaster. A quantitative test method of the dynamic mechanical properties of multiphase polymer systems was developed by L. Bohn. He was able to demonstrate the correlation between shear modulus and gel volume of brittle polymers... 

The visual assessment of slurry surfacing defects is carried out according to CEN EN 12274-8 (2005). The standard specifies a qualitative test method and a quantitative test method and is applicable to all slurry surfacing (roads, airfields and other areas). 

A quantitive test method (AATCC 100) was used to measure the antibacterial properties of the PP/silver nanofibres. The tests can be performed with one bacillus. Staphylococcus aureus (American Type Culture Collection No. 6538), as the grampositive organism. The degree of antibacterial effect can be presented as the percentage reduction in the original concentration of the bacteria. 

Three different standard quantitative test methods were chosen to evaluate the antibacterial properties of the chosen commercially available textiles. These represented conditions om soaking wet to dry bacterial application. 

In order to seek possible alternatives to the ACC currently used, it is important to establish a quantitative test method. Therefore working in collaboration with the Surgical Materiak Testing Laboratory (SMTL) Cardiff, UK, further research into fliis novel method for evaluating both the odour adsorption and fluid handle will be carried out. To date tins method appears to be the most efficient method of determining quantitative comparable data of different dressings both commercial and experimmitaL... 

TING, B-Y, WINER, W.O. RAMALINGHAM, S. -An Experimental Investigation of the Film to Substrate Bond Strength of Sputtered Thin Film Using a Semi-Quantitative Test Method. Trans ASME, Vol 107, Page 478, October 1985. 

The ASTM has developed a quantitative test method for the evaluation of sanitizers to be used on precleaned, nonporous, non-food-contact surfaces [15]. A product that achieves a 99.9% (3 log) reduction in 5 min contact time can be considered a sanitizer. 

As noted earlier and readily seen by the complexity of variables, adhesion testing is a very inexact science. Many tests have been devised in order to characterize the adhesion property. These include both qualitative and quantitative test methods. Examples of qualitative tests are the Scotch tape test and razor blade tests which certify that the adhesion exceeds some... 

Both the fixed end point test (Method A) and the quantitative test (Method B) are available as completely self-contained test kits containing all the reagents necessary to complete the test. Each kit includes a sampling syringe to withdraw a fixed volume of sample for analysis a first polyethylene test tube into which the sample is introduced for dilution and reaction with metallic sodium a second polyethylene tube containing a buffered aqueous extractant, the mercuric nitrate titrant (Method A only), and diphenyl carbazone indicator a polypropylene filter funnel and a 1-mL titration syringe filled with mercuric nitrate titrant (Method B only). 

Describes a quantitative test method for measuring the susceptibility to intergranular attack of aluminum-maguesium alloys cotttaining 3.0% or more magnesium... 

The assessment of the contribution of a product to the fire severity and the resulting hazard to people and property combines appropriate product flammabihty data, descriptions of the building and occupants, and computer software that includes the dynamics and chemistry of fires. This type of assessment offers benefits not available from stand-alone test methods quantitative appraisal of the incremental impact on fire safety of changes in a product appraisal of the use of a given material in a number of products and appraisal of the differing impacts of a product in different buildings and occupancies. One method, HAZARD I (11), has been used to determine that several commonly used fire-retardant—polymer systems reduced the overall fire hazard compared to similar nonfire retarded formulations (12). 

Analytical and Test Methods. Colorimetric quaUtative tests for diketene are known but seldom used (131). Identification is by spectrometric methods. Diketene has typical ir absorption bands at - ISSO, 1855, and 1685 cm , and signals at 3.92 (t), 4.51 (m), and 4.87 (m) ppm in the H-nmr spectmm (CDCl ). Purity is routinely monitored by gc. Alternatively, diketene is quantitatively converted to acetoacetic derivatives which are assayed by standard methods. 

The test methods used by industry to determine if a sample of maleic anhydride is within specifications (165) ate ASTM methods D2930, D1493, and D3366. These methods describe procedures for the determination of maleic acid content, the crystallization point, and the color properties of the maleic anhydride sample, respectively. By quantitative deterrnination of these properties, a calculation of the overall purity of the maleic anhydride sample can be made. 

Analytical and Test Methods. Gas chromatography is used for the quantitative analysis of malonates. Typical analysis conditions are 5% Reoplex 400 on Chromosorb G 80—100 mesh 2 m, 0.3 cm diameter metal column temperature for column = 120° C detector, 150°C and injector, 120°C. 

The most effective specification is that which accomplishes the desired result with the fewest requirements. Properties and performance should be emphasized rather than how the objectives ate to be achieved. Excessive demonstration of emdition on the part of the writer or failure to recognize the usually considerable processing expertise held by the vendor results in a lengthy and overly detailed document that generally is counterproductive. Redundancy may lead to technical inconsistency. A requirement that cannot be assessed by a prescribed test method or quantitative inspection technique never should be included in the specifications. Wherever possible, tests should be easy to perform and highly correctable with service performance. Tests that indicate service life are especially useful. Standard test references, eg, ASTM methods, ate the most desirable, and those that ate needed should be selected carefully and the numbers of such references should be minimized. To eliminate unnecessary review activity by the would-be complier, the description of a standard test should not be paraphrased or condensed unless the original test is referenced. 

Other simple tests include the soil burial test used to demonstrate the biodegradabiUty of polycaprolactone (25), following its disappearance as a function of time, and the clear 2one method which indicates biodegradation by the formation of a clear 2one in an agar medium of the test polymer or plastic as it is consumed (26). The burial test is still used as a confirmatory test method in the real-world environment after quantitative laboratory methods indicate bio degradation. 

Method Transfer. Method transfer involves the implementation of a method developed at another laboratory. Typically the method is prepared in an analytical R D department and then transferred to quahty control at the plant. Method transfer demonstrates that the test method, as mn at the plant, provides results equivalent to that reported in R D. A vaUdated method containing documentation eases the transfer process by providing the recipient lab with detailed method instmctions, accuracy and precision, limits of detection, quantitation, and linearity. 

It is important to note that simulated distillation does not always separate hydrocarbons in the order of their boiling point. For example, high-boihng multiple-ring-type compounds may be eluted earher than normal paraffins (used as the calibration standard) of the same boiling point. Gas chromatography is also used in the ASTM D 2427 test method to determine quantitatively ethane through pentane hydrocarbons. 

Qualitative analysis methods should have well-grounded and generally adopted quantitative reliability estimations. At first the problem was formulated by N.P. Komar in 1955. Its actuality increased when test methods and identification software systems (ISS) entered the market. Metrological aspects evolution for qualitative analysis is possible only within the scope of the uncertainty theory. To estimate the result reliability while detecting a substance X it is necessary to calculate both constituents of uncertainty the probability of misidentifications and the probability of unrevealing for an actual X. There are two mutual complementary approaches to evaluate uncertainties in qualitative analysis, just as in quantitative analysis ... 

This is a very important and well tested method for the quantitative determination of loading of Fmoc protected compounds particularly that of Fmoc (fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) amino acids on solid support. Fmoc groups can... 

The relative error is the absolute error divided by the true value it is usually expressed in terms of percentage or in parts per thousand. The true or absolute value of a quantity cannot be established experimentally, so that the observed result must be compared with the most probable value. With pure substances the quantity will ultimately depend upon the relative atomic mass of the constituent elements. Determinations of the relative atomic mass have been made with the utmost care, and the accuracy obtained usually far exceeds that attained in ordinary quantitative analysis the analyst must accordingly accept their reliability. With natural or industrial products, we must accept provisionally the results obtained by analysts of repute using carefully tested methods. If several analysts determine the same constituent in the same sample by different methods, the most probable value, which is usually the average, can be deduced from their results. In both cases, the establishment of the most probable value involves the application of statistical methods and the concept of precision. 

Quantitative tests for catalase activity find their greatest usefulness in examination of finished product. For this purpose gasometric methods (36) or chemical methods based upon measurement of residual hydrogen peroxide (2) may be used. In the use of these quantitative methods it might be well to observe the precaution of removing the skins. 

Spot tests may prove ultimately to be the most, important example of determinations in which traces are major constituents. The technique is well known15 apd has proved very valuable in analytical chemistry. As often carried out, a reagent (specific if possible) is made to react in or on filter paper with the element sought, usually present as a trace. The results are normally qualitative or semiquantitative, it often being difficult to make them quantitative by methods other than x-ray emission spectrography.16 With this technique, however, not only is it possible... 

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