Quantification of process

One of the major factors undermining the sustainability of a production process is the depletion of the resources it uses. A quantification of process sustainability should therefore include a parameter that deals with the sustainability of resource utilization, and the construction of such a parameter begins with defining a quantitative measure for the depletion of an individual resource. One way of doing this is to classify each resource as either renewable or nonrenewable, as was done by De Wulf et al. [36]. The distinction made between renewable and nonrenewable resources is that renewable resources are created at least as fast as they are consumed (e.g., solar energy), while nonrenewable resources are consumed faster than they are created (e.g., crude oil). 

Complete with the keys to a quantification of process efficiency and sustainability, this cutting-edge resource is the ideal guide for those engaged in the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable and sustainable energy sources using low-waste procedures. 

This book answers this question for industrial processes, in particular those in the energy and chemical industry. Having a long experience in joint efforts with industry and with teaching, the authors use the fundamental laws of thermodynamics as a point of departure. They contrast the present industrial society with the emerging metabolic society, in which mass production and consumption are in harmony with the natural environment through closure of material cycles. These are ultimately driven by the primary new energy source, the sun. This book provides keys to a quantification of process efficiency and sustainability. This is illustrated in case studies, examples, and problems. 

In application of inherent safety concepts, I2SI indexing system is used for quantification of process units and equipment response. 

One can easily see that polymer formation, as shown by the rod-like structures, depends on both parameters. There is still a need for methods allowing quantification of processes occurring in the focal volume of a TP initiated process. 

These difficulties have been circumvented by two different approaches. The first relies on the choice of heat-resistant protein antigens as the analyte. These antigens may be represented by carefully selected intact proteins (as exemplified by the choice of co-glia-dins for gluten detection), or by antigenic peptide fragments that are not as sensitive to treatments as the intact protein they come from. The second approach to the detection/quantification of process-sensitive proteins calls for the solubilization of the... 

Pastore, C.M., 1993. Quantification of processing artifacts in textile composites. Compos. Manuf 4 (4), 217-226. 

Zimper U, Aaltonen J, McGoverin C, Gordon K, Krauel-Goellner K, Rades T (2010) Quantification of process induced disorder in milled samples using different analytical techniques. Pharmaceutics 2(l) 30-49... 

The properties of fillers which induence a given end use are many. The overall value of a filler is a complex function of intrinsic material characteristics, eg, tme density, melting point, crystal habit, and chemical composition and of process-dependent factors, eg, particle-si2e distribution, surface chemistry, purity, and bulk density. Fillers impart performance or economic value to the compositions of which they are part. These values, often called functional properties, vary according to the nature of the appHcation. A quantification of the functional properties per unit cost in many cases provides a vaUd criterion for filler comparison and selection. The following are summaries of key filler properties and values. 

As mentioned above, the interpretation of CL cannot be unified under a simple law, and one of the fundamental difficulties involved in luminescence analysis is the lack of information on the competing nonradiative processes present in the material. In addition, the influence of defects, the surface, and various external perturbations (such as temperature, electric field, and stress) have to be taken into account in quantitative CL analysis. All these make the quantification of CL intensities difficult. Correlations between dopant concentrations and such band-shape parameters as the peak energy and the half-width of the CL emission currently are more reliable as means for the quantitative analysis of the carrier concentration. 

The diffraction mechanisms in XPD and AED are virtually identical this section will focus on only one of these techniques, with the understanding that any conclusions drawn apply equally to both methods, except where stated otherwise. XPD will be the technique discussed, given some of the advantages it has over AED, such as reduced sample degradation for ionic and organic materials, quantification of chemical states and, for conditions usually encountered at synchrotron radiation facilities, its dependence on the polarization of the X rays. For more details on the excitation process the reader is urged to review the relevant articles in the Encyclopedia and appropriate references in Fadley. ... 

The scientific enterprise is concerned with the identification, interpretation, and quantification of observed responses in terms of mechanical, physical, and chemical materials properties. The technological enterprise is concerned with the utilization of materials responses or distinctive shock processes. 

This chapter has provided an overview of a recommended framework for the assessment of human error in chemical process risk assessments. The main emphasis has been on the importance of a systematic approach to the qualitative modeling of human error. This leads to the identification and possible reduction of the human sources of risk. This process is of considerable value in its own right, and does not necessarily have to be accompanied by the quantification of error probabilities. 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

X-ray absorption is a well understood process. It provides precise quantification of e.g., contrast agent concentration in the tissue or body cavities and excellent spatial and temporal resolution. Diagnostic applications do not require advancing the X-ray source... 

The research detailed in previous sections outlines productive steps toward increased certainty in global quantification of the effects that climate has on carbon cycle processes. Presented here is a short summary of future research directions. 

In principle, pulsed excitation measurements can provide direct observation of time-resolved polarization decays and permit the single-exponential or multiexponential nature of the decay curves to be measured. In practice, however, accurate quantification of a multiexponential curve often requires that the emission decay be measured down to low intensity values, where obtaining a satisfactory signal -to-noise ratio can be a time-consuming process. In addition, the accuracy of rotational rate measurements close to a nanosecond or less are severely limited by tbe pulse width of the flash lamps. As a result, pulsed-excitation polarization measurements are not commonly used for short rotational periods or for careful measurements of rotational anisotropy. 

The quantification of adaptation is difficult because it is unlikely that any plant is in a state of perfect adaptation to its environment since it is made up of a collection of ancestral characteristics and the process of adaptation is occurring continually. Indeed, Harper (1982) has argued that we should refer to abaptation rather than adaptation - evolution from rather than evolution towards. We can say that adaptation to an environment depends on the possession of an optimum combination of characters that minimises deleterious effects and maximises advantageous effects (Bradshaw, 1965). We must bear in mind, however, that non-adaptive characters may evolve in parallel with adaptive characters by pleiotropy, and that the direction of adaptive change is limited by the available genetic resources of the species (Harper, 1982). This is part of the reason why Harper (1982) argues that... 

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