Synchrotron radiation facility

A continuous lipidic cubic phase is obtained by mixing a long-chain lipid such as monoolein with a small amount of water. The result is a highly viscous state where the lipids are packed in curved continuous bilayers extending in three dimensions and which are interpenetrated by communicating aqueous channels. Crystallization of incorporated proteins starts inside the lipid phase and growth is achieved by lateral diffusion of the protein molecules to the nucleation sites. This system has recently been used to obtain three-dimensional crystals 20 x 20 x 8 pm in size of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin, which diffracted to 2 A resolution using a microfocus beam at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. 

An aerial view of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility at Grenoble, France, an advanced source of synchrotron x-ray radiation for use in the study of protein structure, as well as for use in the physical and material sciences. The synchrotron radiation is produced in the circular building in the lower left of the photograph. (Courtesy of ESRF.)... 

Figure 1 Schematic view of a typical EXAFS experiment at a synchrotron radiation facility. Note that it is possible to record transmission and fluorescence EXAFS simultaneously with reference EXAFS.

Without exception, the highest quality EXAFS data are acquired at synchrotron radiation facilities. There are 20 operational facilities throughout the world. Each has unique instrumentation The interested user is encouraged to contact the facil-... 

The diffraction mechanisms in XPD and AED are virtually identical this section will focus on only one of these techniques, with the understanding that any conclusions drawn apply equally to both methods, except where stated otherwise. XPD will be the technique discussed, given some of the advantages it has over AED, such as reduced sample degradation for ionic and organic materials, quantification of chemical states and, for conditions usually encountered at synchrotron radiation facilities, its dependence on the polarization of the X rays. For more details on the excitation process the reader is urged to review the relevant articles in the Encyclopedia and appropriate references in Fadley. ... 

Riekel, C. Experimental Possibilities in Small Angle Scattering at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. 151, 205-229 (1989). 

Fe-S and Fe-Fe distances in [2Fe-2S], [3Fe-4S], and [4Fe-4S] clusters are all very similar 2.3 and 2.7 A, respectively. In the [6Fe-6S] prismane model cluster, however, there is an additional Fe-Fe distance at 3.7 A (Fig. 2). If a [6Fe-6S] cluster were present in the Fepr protein, then this longer Fe-Fe distance should he visible with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). As a consequence, EXAFS studies were carried out at the CCLRC Synchrotron Radiation facility in Daresbury, UK. The two Fepr proteins (those of D. vulgaris and D. desulfuricans), as well as a synthetic [6Fe-6S] cluster, were subjected to an EXAFS study. Low-temperature EXAFS... 

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France... 

Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) the measurements were mostly made at the Gilda Italian Beamline (equipped with a bending magnet) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble (France). 

A typical setup for NFS and NIS measurements as installed, for example, at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) [5] is shown in Fig. 9.1. 

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Grenoble, France) Mechanical elongation (e = l/l0 — 1)... 

The worldwide web is the best source of up-to-date information concerning advanced studies in the field of scattering of soft condensed matter. All synchrotron radiation facilities are advertising scientific highlights, although the representation of soft-condensed matter in these reports is varying. As this book is written, soft-condensed matter is excellently represented at the ESRF (Grenoble, France)... 

Polarization. The central cone of the synchrotron beam from a bending magnet and, in general, the beam from insertion devices is polarized in the plane of the orbit (i.e., horizontally). Due to relativistic effects the cone of the radiation characteristics is narrow even if the beam is emitted from a bending magnet (cf. [10], p. 9-13 and Sect. 2.2.2). If necessary, polarization correction should be carried out directly at the synchrotron radiation facility by means of the locally available computer programs. 

If the user has a favorite evaluation program that he knows how to operate, he may use FIT2D as a converter program only - or he may directly resort to a standalone format converter program. Converters which output at least human-readable ASCII format are frequently available at synchrotron radiation facilities - and ASCII file import should be supported by any reasonable program. 

Two different experiments have been performed at ID18F (p-XRD and p-XRF) and ID21 (p-XRF and p-XANES) beamlines at the ESRF (European Synchrotron Radiation Facilities, Grenoble, France). 

European standards, for lime and limestone products, 15 67 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 26 412 European Union (EU), 1 696... 

We are grateful to HASYLAB for offering beam time on the synchrotron radiation facility of DESY and for the access to the EXAFS spectrometer. We also thank J.W. 0rnbo for help in the preparation of the samples, N.-Y. Topsjzfe for helpful discussions, and 0. Sorensen for carrying out the electron microscopy investigations. 

Figure 6.2 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (courtesy ESRF-Grenoble).

We wish to thank Dr. H. D. Bartunik, K. Wilson, J. Helliwell, M. Papiz, K. Moffat, W. Schildkamp, P. Phizackerley, and E. Merrit, and their respective staff for their support on the synchrotron radiation facilities EMBL/DESY, SRS, CHESS and SSRL. 

---