Textile composites

A sheet of rubber or of rubber-textile composite moulded, if desired, to a particular shape and used in a wide variety of applications in industry, e.g., diaphragm packings, diaphragm-operated valves for steam, air or liquids. 

A flat sheet or shaped section of rubber compound or rubber textile composite fitted between two metal faces to make a fluid-tight joint. 

Any rubber product, usually mbber/textile composite, which permits the escape of air or other fluids, or permits the passage of fluids to sections of the product where it is undesirable. Leno Weave... 

Pressure waves of the same nature as sound waves but of greater frequency, i.e., shorter wavelength, and therefore inaudible. Ultrasonic waves have been used for the detection of ply separations and other voids in rubber-textile composites such as tyres, and for thickness measurement of coatings, etc., where access is possible from only one side. 

Adanur, S., Tsao, Y.P. and Tam, C.W. (1995). Improving fracture resistance of laminar textile composites by third direction reinforcement. Composites Eng. 5, 1149-1158. 

Chou, T.W. (1992). Three dimensional textile composites. In Microstructural Design oj Fiber Composites. Cambridge University press. Cambridge, Chapter 7. pp, 374-442,... 

Furrow. K.W., Loos. A C. and Cano, R.J. (1996). Environmental etl ects on stitched RTM textile composites. J. Reinforced Plast. Composites 15, 378-419. 

Ramakrishna S., Ramaswamy S., Teoh S.H., et al., Application of textiles and textile composites concepts for biomaterials development Int. Conf. New Textiles for Composites, TEXCOMP 3 Conference Series, Aachen, Germany, 1996, 1-27. 

A.R. Horrocks and B.K. Kandola, Flammability and fire resistance of composites. In Design and Manufacture of Textile Composites, A.C. Long (ed.), Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, U.K., 2005, pp. 330-363. 

Measurement of flame spread under external heat flux is necessary where the thermal radiation is likely to impinge on the textile materials, for example, the flooring material of the building or transport vehicles whose upper surfaces are heated by flames or hot gases, or both. The French test method, NF P 92-503 Bruleur Electrique or M test involves radiant panel for testing flame spread of flexible textile materials. This test method (flame spread under external heat flux) is the basis of that used by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) for assessing flammability of textile composites used in thermal/acoustic insulation materials (FAR 25.856 (a)) used in aircraft and has also been included by the EU for fire test approval of floorings such as prEN ISO 9239 and BS ISO 4589-1. 

Use Resorcinol-formaldehyde resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, cross-linking agent for neoprene, rubber tackifier, adhesives for wood veneers and rubber-to-textile composites, manufacture of styphnic acid, cosmetics. 

Beki-Shield - steel fibers for EMI protection of plastics Bekitex - metal-containing yams for conductive textiles Composite Material L.L.C., Mamaroneck, NY, USA... 

Cut or ground cross-sections of fibres, yams and fabrics are of interest for fibre identification, in fault analysis in primary and secondary spinning and in checking the penetration of dyes into fibres, filaments, yams and fabrics. These methods are also used to investigate hollow and multicomponent fibres, the build-up, adhesion and evenness of coating layers and the analysis of other textile composites. AU of this can be useful for damage analysis. Grieve has written a review on cross-section preparation methods for fibres. 

The process time is determined by the technical parameters heatup, application, and cooling It is very short compared to the process times of reactive adhesives. Processing is done with so-called sticks, spreadable powders, extrusions, nets, or films. Hotmelt adhesives in the form of films in particular are among the heat-activated or heat seal adhesives. In film and textile composites the term used is laminate adhesives. 

Industrial uses of textile composites include conveyor belting, tires, and hoses. These are not considered here specifically, other than that several of the test methods may well be applicable where the textile element is of relevance. These are products in their own right and have been extensively reviewed elsewhere [4. 5]. It is the intention in this chapter to review the test methods available for coated fabrics, their practicability and their application in the areas of quality control, design, and specifications relevant to product end use. Some knowledge of processing is assumed, but clarification is given as necessary. 

Forder et al. [70] have successfully prepared superparamagnetic conductive polyester textile composites (polypyrrole and magnetite on polyester textile fiber substrate) by a two-step deposition method, i.e., magnetite deposition and PPy deposition. 

C. Forder, S.P. Armes, A.W. Simpson, C. Maggiore, and M. Hawley, Preparation and characterisation of superparamagnetic conductive polyester textile composites, J. Mater. Chem, 3, 563-569 (1993). 

Experimental studies of various textile composites show that the maximum possible values of iy-FVF are in a relatively narrow band. Summarising various observations across literature (e.g. [20—22]) it can be stated that (1) actual iy-FVF can hardly exceed 75% and in most cases it is lower, (2) the o-FVF for some typical textile composites is rather high (above 50%) and can exceed 60%. That gives the YVF of 70—80% and higher, which is not easy to achieve in a model. 

This chapter describes the method of the stiffness homogenisation for textile composites based on Eshelby solution of the elastic problem for an ellipsoidal inclusion and Mori-Tanaka homogenisation scheme. The approach was proposed by Huysmans et al. [91—94] and is successfully applied to very different textile composites, woven [95], braided [96] and knitted [91,92]. In short, in the following discussion the approach will be called method of inclusions (Mol). 

The application of Mol is straightforward if the reinforcing particles/fibres are short, slender, straight and can be effectively approximated as ellipsoids. For textile composites, with well-organised structure (versus randomness in short fibre composites) and consist of crimped yams (versus straight short fibres), a mechanically equivalent... 

The primary purpose of the meso-damage modelling is to describe failure as processes occurring at the yam scale. Compared to unidirectional laminated composites, damage accumulation in textile composite has some specific features (1) the early initiation of intra-yam cracking (0.1—0.3% of applied deformation), (2) the concurrent accumulation of crack density and incremental crack length growth. 

Delamination plays a significant role in the textile composite performance and stiffness degradation. 

Long AC, editor. Design and manufacture of textile composites. Cambridge Woodhead Publishing Ltd 2005. 

Lomov SV, Verpoest I. Textile composite materials polymer matrix composites. In Blockley R, Shyy W, editors. Encyclopedia of aerospace engineering. Chichester John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2010. pp. 2159-76. 

Advani S, editor. Recent advances in textile composites. Proceedings of 9th international conference on textile composites (TexComp-9). Newark (Delaware, USA) DEStech Publications 2008. 

Verpoest I, Lomov SV. Virtual textile composites software Wisetex integration with micro-mechanical, permeability and structural analysis. Compos Sci Technol 2005 65(15-16) 2563-74. 

Lomov SV, Mikolanda T, Kosek M, Verpoest I. Model of internal geometry of textile composite reinforcements data structure and virtual reahty implementation. J Text Inst 2007 98(1) 1-13. 

Lomov SV, Ivanov DS, Verpoest I, Zako M, Kurashiki T, Nakai H, et al. FuU field strain measurements for validation of meso-FE analysis of textile composites. Composites Part A 2008 39 1218-31. 

---