Quality of the Raw Materials

The reactivity of a resin at a certain molar ratio F/U or F/(NH2>2 is mainly determined by its preparation procedure and the quality of the raw materials... 

Due to the chemical structure, fimctionality and composition of their constituents, ordinary variations of the processing conditions as well as the quality of the raw materials have been observed to lead to changes of the fine structure which are often responsible of lower ageing resistence of the polymer. The data reported here correlate the morphology of some widely utilized epoxy matrices to the informations that can be obtained from the study of the sorption behaviours. 

During the sulfation of alcohol ethoxylates the undesired byproduct 1,4-di-oxane may be formed. Although the formation of 1,4-dioxane is predominantly governed by the sulfation and neutralization conditions and by the chemical composition of the organic feedstock, other factors, such as the quality of the raw material, also contribute. This prompted a reappraisal of the required quality standards for this feedstock. In Table 11 guideline specifications are presented. 

The concentration of biogenic amines in cheese could be used as an indicator for its freshness, and an indicator of the quality of the raw materials and manufacturing processes involved. 

The hygienic quality of the raw material used for the manufacture of sausage is an important factor relating to the production of biogenic amines. High-quality meats with low initial bacterial counts help keep the biogenic amines well below the toxic level (Shalaby 1995 Bover-Cid et al., 2000) and should be used with the addition of a non-amine-producing starter culture. 

Because of the toxicity of cadmium, its use was abandoned in the 1980 s. Nevertheless, by improving the quality of the raw materials and changing the reaction stoichiometry, it was possible to reproduce the quantum yield of the halophosphates, even without the addition of cadmium [5.373]. The absorption of the exciting UV radiation is strongly dependent on the particle size of halophosphate phosphors and decreases rapidly for particles larger than 3 pm. The particle size is influenced to some extent by the particle size of raw materials (calcium hydrogen phosphate) in the firing mixture. Mechanical separation processes (sieves) are used to free the fired product from undesired coarse and fine particles. 

The product quality and yields can be also well controlled by eliminating the problems encountered in the processing of botanicals, such as the quality of the raw material, uniformity within and among lots, and damage in shipment and storage. 

An important specification for gelatin is bloom strength, a quality of the raw material that determines whether or not a capsule can be formed and sealed. As with active ingredient purity, we will want to know this value for each lot of gelatin used in the validation study. 

The raw materials need to be of a suitably consistent quality and maintained in the same quality as they were received. Every effort must be made to prevent the ingress of moisture into any raw material. The moisture content of the major raw materials should be 0.05%, or preferably less than 0.03%. Manufacturers certificates of analysis must be obtained for all materials purchased and the values used to make fine adjustments to the batches. In-house confirmation of quality of the raw materials may include ... 

The use of chemical analysis to monitor the quality of the raw materials or finished products of industrial processes goes back a long way.313,314 Indeed, some techniques owe their development to the need of industry for rapid analytical techniques. However, analytical methods are now often intimately bound up with the production itself, and supply much of the information required for the control and regulation of the process.315 A good example of a continuous monitoring technique that can be used in process control is that of electrodeless conductivity measurement its history has been described.316 A history of early industrial pH measurement and control systems has been given.317... 

Poor quality of the raw material In the early 1980s, the quality of lipids of several suppliers could vary considerably, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Nowadays, a few suppliers provide the global market with high-quality products. Interestingly, over the years, the price per unit has dropped considerably while the quality has improved. 

In the real world there may be a large number of variables that change with time, for example the composition of a manufactured product. In a chemical plant the resultant material could depend on a huge number of factors such as the quality of the raw material, the performance of the apparatus and even the time of day, which could relate to who is on shift or small changes in power supplies. Instead of monitoring each factor individually, it is common to obtain an overall statistical indicator, often related to a principal component (see Chapter 4). The correlogram is computed of this mathematical summary of the raw data rather than the concentration of an individual constituent. 

The external systematic influence is common in experimental research when the quality of the raw materials and of the chemicals undergo minor changes and/or when the first data were obtained in one experimental unit and the remaining measurements were carried out in a similar but not identical apparatus. 

A direct correlation among the quality of the raw material, the refining cost, and the quality of the desired products is applicable to nearly all brown coal refining processes. 

The quality assurance program for manufacture of butter oil, or anhydrous milkfat (AMF), also focuses on the quality of the raw materials. Naturally, many of the same considerations apply to handling raw cream for AMF manufacmre that apply to butter, except that vacreation is not used. As it is stored under ambient conditions, care against oxidation is essential. Oxidation is perhaps the most important mechanism by which milkfat deteriorates in quality. As the oxidation reaction is autocatalytic (i.e., the products of the reaction act as catalysts to promote further reaction), the normal quality-control tests, peroxide value and free fat acidity, could give misleading results when applied to stored butter. Methods of deaeration have been developed that could reduce potential oxidation (74). 

Starting with the quality of the raw materials and proceeding through to granulation, drying, and tableting, there are a number of different variables that affect both the tableting... 

Suboptimal quality of the raw materials may be detrimental to the growth of human diploid cells. The most obvious component is serum. Sera other than FBS (newborn, calf and adult) appear to support the growth of MRC-5AV1-38, at least... 

The selection and quality of the raw materials such as fruit, sugar, flavouring, colour, hydrocolloids, starches and water is of critical importance. 

In production-scale processes the purity of the samples also depends on the quality of the raw material (e.g. educts for chemical reactions) as well as on the equipment used. To avoid problems in the subsequent separation process the influence of purity on solubility must be checked after the first amounts of the actual sample are available. 

The primary contributions of the LAB to a food product are to preserve the nutritive qualities of the raw material, by extending the shelf life and also by controlling the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. This is achieved by production of the inhibitory substances and by competing for nutrients (O Sullivan et al., 2002). They occur naturally in foods and as such, have traditionally been used as natural biopreservatives of... 

Blending.—On account of the inherent variability of a product made in relatively small batches like pot still whiskey and the natural fluctuations in the qualities of the raw materials available for patent still whiskey, the practice of blending whiskey of different distillations and different years arose early in the life of the industry, to enable the distiller to market a more uniform product. Later, the custom extended to the blending of the products of different distilleries and of distillates from both pot and patent stills. Still later, and in the United States possibly even more after the repeal of prohibition, the practice of spreading the flavor of an old whiskey over three to five times as much diluted silent spirits was exceedingly common. 

As product development progresses, the critical qualities of the raw materials will be identified which affect final product quality, and results of investigational studies will be obtained, to enable the specifications to be developed and refined. 

As the markets for VRLA batteries continue to expand, higher demands will be placed upon the quality of the raw materials used in the manufacture of such batteries. It has been well documented that raw materials of high quality, i.e., lead, alloys, acid, and separators, are essential in order to guarantee battery performance... 

There are many minor industrial problems associated with the ethanol fermentation processes to be solved nowadays, when optimal operation is a target. Among them, there is the lack of process robustness in the presence of fluctuations in operational conditions, which leads to changes in the kinetic behavior, with impact on yield, productivity, and conversion. These changes are very common in ethanol plants, where they occur not only because of the variations in the quality of the raw material but also beeause of variations of dominant microorganisms in the process. 

The amount of ammoniacal nitrogen in desiccated egg is not a reliable index to the quality of the raw material from which it is prepared, because this substance is volatilized unevenly during the process of desiccation. 

The organization is responsible for releasing or not releasing the tested materials and determines whether the quality of the raw materials, packages, intermediate products, unfilled products and finished products corresponds to the Czechoslovakian Pharmacopoeia, the foreign pharmacopoeias, and the technical standards. 

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