Patent still

Method of distillation Pot still Pot still Patent still Patent still Patent still... 

For a first exploratory in vivo test only 5 prostheses were tried, each of which was coated under different conditions. Thus, no statistically conclusive statements are yet possible. So far, 1 prosthesis was still patent upon removal after 4 weeks. The others were occluded after 1 week. But among the prostheses which were still patent at explantation, interesting differences were noted between the coated prostheses and the uncoated prostheses, which, according to the opinion of the surgeons, possibly indicates good long-term properties. As demonstrated in Fig. 6, the uncoated prostheses had a thick, loosely constructed protein layer with numerous entrapped cells, whereas the carbon-coated prostheses exhibited a thin, dense protein layer with no cellular materials. Visually a shiny grayish-white layer over more than 90 % of the inner surface... 

Different ultrasound findings can be appreciated after embolization (Bertolotto et al. 2003). In about 33% of patients the fistula closes completely. However, in about 44% of patients the fistula is still patent despite arteriographic evidence of occlusion (Fig. 10.4). The fistula is usually markedly reduced in size, fed by small homolateral and contralateral vessels that usually are not detected before embolization because of non-significant flows, but widen when the main feeding pathways are obliterated. 

Fig. 10.4a,b. High-flow priapism. Color Doppler appearance of the fistula before and after embolization, a Sagittal color Doppler image of the right crus shows extravasation of blood from the cavernosal artery (arrowheads), b Duplex Doppler ultrasound image obtained soon after angiography shows that the fistula is still patent, but reduced in size. The fistula closed spontaneously within 5 days... 

Ure reported the industrial production of dry distilled caoutchouc at 600 degrees Fahrenheit in an iron still by William Henry Barnard. A patent was issued in August 1833. This illustrates the confusion that can benefit a bold industrialist when the fundamental chemistry is still obscure. Barnard reported the elemental composition as exactly the same as that discovered by Faraday, but still patented it Since he claimed it, he also got to name it caoutchoucine It is now called isoprene. 

At the time of this writing, the compliant copolyurethane vascular prostheses are still patent at 15 months implantation. One prosthesis removed at this time showed minimal hypertrophy. Thus, to achieve success in small diameter vascular prostheses, one must balance the surface chemical and physical properties of the material for blood compatibility and the mechanical properties for matching the compliancy of the natural vessel. 

Today, fragment coding is still quite important in patent databases (sec Chapter 5, Section 5.11, e.g., Dei went) where Markush structures are also stored. There, the fragments can be applied to substructure or othei types of searches where the fragments arc defined, c.g., on the basis of chemical properties. 

Many patents and studies are still published in the field of thiazolo dyes because the photographic industrx is always looking for new sensitizing dyes with improved efficiency and eager to know more about the mechanisms of their action on silver halide. 

Insulation Boa.rd. The panel products known as insulation board were the earliest commodity products made from fibers or particles in the composite panel area. These are fiber-base products with a density less than 500 kg/m. Early U.S. patents were obtained in 1915 and production began soon thereafter. The initial production used wood fiber as a raw material, but later products were made of recycled paper, bagasse (sugar cane residue), and straw. Schematics of the two major processes still ia use are shown ia Figure 4. 

The oxidation of methacrolein to methacrylic acid is most often performed over a phosphomolybdic acid-based catalyst, usually with copper, vanadium, and a heavy alkaU metal added. Arsenic and antimony are other common dopants. Conversions of methacrolein range from 85—95%, with selectivities to methacrylic acid of 85—95%. Although numerous catalyst improvements have been reported since the 1980s (120—123), the highest claimed yield of methacryhc acid (86%) is still that described in a 1981 patent to Air Products (124). 

Patent laws provide for several stages in the life of an application for a patent on an invention. The pattern followed by patent laws in effect in most industrialized countries during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and still in effect in the United States in 1995, calls for the examination of all patent appHcations to certify that the claimed invention meets the national standards for novelty, usehilness, and inventiveness. The owner of the technology to be patented files appHcation papers that include a specification containing a description of the invention to be patented (called the disclosure) and claims defining the limits of the invention to be protected by the patent, a formal request for the issuance of a patent, and fees. Drawings of devices and apparatuses, electrical circuits, flow charts, etc, are an important part of the disclosures of most nonchemical and many chemical patents. 

Thermal Oligomerization. Commercial manufacture of dimer acids began ia 1948 with Emery Industries use of a thermal process involving steam pressure. Patents were issued ia 1949 (45) and 1953 (46) that describe this process. Earlier references to fatty acid oligomerization, antedating the USDA work of 1941—1948, occur ia patents ia 1918 and 1919 (47,48), and ia papers written ia 1929—1941 (49—51). There appears to still be some small use of this approach to making dimer products. 

The first patent on the chlorination of polyethylene was taken out by ICI in 1938. In the 1940s scientists of that company carried out extensive studies on the chlorination process. The introduction of chlorine atoms onto the polyethylene backbone reduces the ability of the polymer to crystallise and the material becomes rubbery at a chlorine level of about 20%, providing the distribution of the chlorine is random. An increase in the chlorine level beyond this point, and indeed from zero chlorination, causes an increase in the Tg so that at a chlorine level of about 45% the polymer becomes stiff at room temperature. With a further increase still, the polymer becomes brittle. 

Many other amines are catalytic in their action. One of these, piperidine, has been in use since the early patents of Castan. 5-7 pts phr of piperidine are used to give a system with a pot life of about eight hours. A typical cure schedule is three hours at 100°C. Although it is a skin irritant it is still used for casting of larger masses than are possible with diethylenetriamine and diethylaminopropylamine. 

The processes used in the manufacture of morphine are believed to be still based on that described by the Scottish chemist Gregory,in 1833, with improvements devised by Anderson. A description has been published by Schwyzer, who also deals with the manufactme of codeine, narcotine, cotarnine, and the commercially important morphine derivatives, diamorphine (diacetylmorphine), and ethylmorphine (morphine ethyl ether). More recently Barbier has given an account of processes, based on long experience in the preparation of alkaloids from opium. Kanewskaja has described a process for morphine, narcotine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine, and the same bases are dealt with by Chemnitius, with the addition of narceine, by Busse and Busse, and by Dott. It is of interest to note that a number of processes for the extraction and separation of opium alkaloids have been protected by patent in Soviet Russia. ... 

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