Refining costs

Table 10.22 indicates the historical trend in refining costs over the years. 

Trends in refining costs for a capacity of8 10>> t/an. Excluding fuel consumption. 

Heavy oil may also be displaced by coal, natural gas (in relatively good supply in Canada imtil about the year 2000) and electricity. Interfuel substitution of heavy oil by solid fuels - coal and wood - is estimated to have a potential to replace about 2% of the liquid fuel consumption of Ontario (or about 10% of the heavy oil consumption). Additional refining costs would be incurred in converting the heavy oil to gasoline. 

Conclusions - The overall conclusion of our studies is that initial hydrotreating severity does not significantly affect refining cost at constant product distribution. Product distribution itself is the major determinant of refining cost, as shown by the following ... 

High hydrogen consumption, however, leads to refining costs for this feedstock of from 10 to 16 per barrel, depending on the ratio of gasoline to distillate fuels produced. 

To compare costs of methanol and oil derivatives, it is advisable to take the real costs of methanol and the average refining costs of the various derivatives, while also considering the corresponding heat contents and efficiencies in each use. 

Figure 4. Total refining costs for resid hydrotreating vs. resid coking (U.S. Gulf coast 1980-...

A direct correlation among the quality of the raw material, the refining cost, and the quality of the desired products is applicable to nearly all brown coal refining processes. 

Production cost of crude palm oil is made up of cost of production of fresh fruit bunches (EFB) and the cost to mill the FFB. Refining costs are incurred when crude palm oil undergoes refining to produce processed palm products. 

Refining Cost. Crude palm oil can be further processed by refining. Presently, most of the palm products obtained in the market are processed using physical or steam refining. Crude or processed palm products may also undergo fractionation where the solid and the liquid portions are separated. The total cost of refining a ton of palm oil is about 25.92 while the cost of fractionation is about 5.55 per ton. 

Product concentration, yield, and productivity are among the most important process variables in determining conversion costs.The concentration of the product influences its recovery and refining costs. Raw material costs are affected by the yield. Productivity, or the rate of product formation per unit of process capacity, helps determine the amount of capital, labor, and indirect costs assignable to the product. The influence of the medium on the interplay of these three variables cannot be ignored. 

For this report, the DFMA methodology was applied to refine costs for the baseline 0.7 V/cell reformer/fuel cell system at production rates of 500,... 

The best quality oil, low in phosphatides, free fatty acids, nonsaponifiable matter and pigments, is extracted first, while poorer quality lipids are extracted with more exhaustive extraction. The industry, however, strives for the most complete extraction possible. Residual oil contents of finished solvent-extracted soybean meal range 0.5-1.5% (toasting defatted soybean meal liberates oil, and toasted meal will test higher in oil content than do drained untoasted extracted flakes). Some have advocated doing less complete oil extraction to reduce refining costs, but not ail extraction plants have capabilities to alkali refine and, thus, there is little incentive to extraction plants to minimize refining loss. 

Description lsomalk-2 offers refiners cost-effective isomerization options that have consistently demonstrated reliable performance with all standard process configurations, Including once-through Isomerization, once-through with pre-fractionation, recycle of low-octane pentanes and hexanes, and benzene reduction... 

---