Psychotropic

Dmg receptors represent another type of receptor family. The central nervous system (CNS) effects of the anxiolytic, diazepam, and the psychotropic actions of the caimabiaoids and phencycUdine have resulted ia the identification of specific receptors for these molecules. This has resulted ia the search for an endogenous ligand for these receptors. Thus, ia these situations, the pharmacological action has preceded the discovery of the receptor which, ia turn, has provided clues ia several iastances to the endogenous ligand. 

Gannabinoids. Like the BZ receptor, the cannabinoid receptor was initially identified using psychotropic alkaloids such as A -tetrahydrocannabinol (A-THC) (78) that were known to affect mammalian CNS function (see PsYCHOPHARMACOLOGiCALAGENTs). The CNS receptor,... 

W. Haefely, R. Schaffner, P. Pole, and L. Pieri, in P. Hoffmeister and G. StiUe, eds.. Psychotropic Agents, Part II Anxiolytics, Gerontopsychopharmacological Agents, andPsychomotorStimulants, Springer-Vedag, Berlin. 1981, pp. 263—283. 

Ethanolpyridines are used mainly for vinylpyridine manufacture. However, 2-ethanolpyridine (22) is used to make the psychotropic agent thioridazine [50-52-2] (106), and the antispasmodic agent triquizium bromide [71731-58-3] (107). 

Authors are designed row sensitive and selective test-systems for analysis of heavy metals, active chlorine, phenols, nitrates, nitrites, phosphate etc. for analysis of objects of an environment and for control of ions Ee contents in the technological solutions of KH PO, as well as for testing some of pharmacological psychotropic daigs alkaloids (including opiates), cannabis as well as pharmaceutical preparations of phenothiazines, barbiturates and 1,4-benzodiazepines series too. 

Recrystd from abs EtOH dried in vacuo and stored in tightly stoppered bottles because it is hygroscopic. It is soluble in H2O but insoluble in CgHg, Et20 and alkaline aqueous soln. It has UV at 258 and 307.5nm (log e 4.50 and 3.50) in EtOH (neutral species). [Craig et al. J Org Chem 22 709 1957.] It is a calmodulin inhibitor [Levene and Weiss J Parmacol Exptl Ther2Q% 454 1978], and js a psychotropic agent [Fowler Arzneim.-Forsch 27 866 1977]. 

Psychotropic. Affecting the brain in such a way as to alter behavior. 

Therapeutic Function Psychotropic Chemical Name 2-Oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide Common Name —... 

Drags with Appetite-Stim nlating Effects Psychotropic Drugs... 

The two G-protein-coupled receptors for Cannabis psychotropic component, A9-tetrahydrocannabinol... 

Based on the role of endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors in several pathological conditions, the pharmacological manipulation of their levels or action is being developed as a therapeutic strategy. Enhancement of endocannabinoid signalling when this plays uniquely a protective role can be effected in a safer way using (i) cannabis extracts in which the presence of non-psychotropic cannabinoids with therapeutic activity per... 

Iproniazid was among the first psychotropic antidepressants to be discovered and introduced into the clinic. Although this inhibitor and others that followed... 

Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Koch-Weser J Psychotropic drug use in the Boston area a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32 518-521, 1975... 

Mellinger GD, Balter MB Prevalence and patterns of use of psychotropic drugs results from a 1979 national survey of American adults, in Epidemiological Impact of Psychotropic Drugs Proceedings of International Seminar on Psychotropic Drugs. Edited by Tognomi G, Bellantuono C, Lader M. Amsterdam, North Holland, 1981, pp 117-... 

Although it has been nearly 40 years since THC, the main active psychotropic constituent of the plant Cannabis sativa, was isolated (Gaoni and Mechoulam... 

Schuster CR The behavioral pharmacology of psychomotor stimulant drugs, in Psychotropic Agents, Part II. Edited by Hoffineister F, Stille G. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1981, pp 587-605... 

Evidence of the use of inhalants to experience their psychotropic effects can be found in the ancient Greek world (Carroll 1977). Preble and Laury (1967, p. 271) described an example of this use as follows ... 

Efforts to identify the specific compounds responsible for the psychotropic effects of volatile solvents are complicated by the fact that many of these products contain more than one potentially psychoactive ingredient. Another factor obscuring the identity of the psychoactive ingredients of these agents is that patients addicted to these compounds frequendy seek the effects not of the product s primary ingredient but of a secondary ingredient such as the propellant gas (e.g., nitrous oxide). To date, the best-studied psychoactive compounds identified in volatile solvents include toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene. However, other less well studied compounds, such as benzene, acetone, and methanol, also appear to have significant psychoactive effects. 

The first peptide syntheses were also initiated in Bonn. In the later years of his research activity, Helferich concentrated particularly on the chemistry of the sulfonamides. The chemistry of the sultams was of particular interest to him. As a spin-off from this work he developed a psychotropic drug, namely, Ospolot. 

A search of Medline, EMBASE and PsycLIT was conducted in August 2000, using the following terms Amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, zotepine, ziprasidone, economics, healthcare, costs. All manufacturers of atypical antipsychotic drugs were contacted in April 2000 and asked to supply primary reference data on their product, and all companies had complied with this request by August 2000. A further manual search was conducted of files and journals kept in the National Centre for Information on Psychotropics at the Maudsley Hospital. Reference sections from all retrieved papers were scrutinized for further relevant references. 

David Taylor is Chief Pharmacist at the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust. Honorary Senior Lecturer at the Institute of Psychiatry and Foundation President of the College of Mental Health Pharmacists. His main areas of research are pharmacokinetics and prescribing practice in mental health. His team at the Maudsley is widely involved in systemic reviews and meta-analyses of psychotropic drug therapy. David is lead author of the Maudsley 2001 Prescribing Guidelines (Martin Dunitz, 2001) and co-editor of Case Studies in Psychopharmacology (Martin Dunitz, 1998). 

In the case of mental illness, new drug therapies have especially been the focus of attention, partly because psychotropic medication has, for a long time, contributed little to the overall cost of treatment, but also because, with the advent of new generations of antipsychotics and antidepressants, healthcare providers are now searching for justification for the use of these much more expensive treatments. 

Until recently, d-fenfiuramine was used to control appetite, in preference to d-amphetamine, because it has a lower affinity for the catecholamine transporter and so its uptake into noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons is much less than that of amphetamine. This is thought to explain why, at anorectic doses, this compound lacks the psychotropic effects and dependence-liability that are real problems with if-amphetamine. Unfortunately, despite this therapeutic advantage, this compound has had to be withdrawn from the clinic because of worries that it might cause primary pulmonary hypertension, valvular heart disease and even long-term neuropathy. 

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