Spectroscopy proton induced X-ray emission

Kemp, K. and Danscher, G. (1979). Multi-element analysis of the rat hippocampus by proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (phospurus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, lead, bromine and rubidium). Histochemistry, 59, 167... 

The role of silica-only systems on adhesion has been studied using model compounds with squalene [59]. It was shown that the mechanism for increased adhesion to brass-coated wire-to-rubber was not just a simple improvement of the physical properties of the rubber, but that silica moderated the thickness and composition of the interfacial layer by a chemical interaction. SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays), XPS, AES and PIXE (proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy) revealed that silica affected the relative concentrations of compounds present in the interfacial layer, promoting zinc oxide formation in particular. 

Ion beam probes are used in a wide range of techniques, including Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). The applications of these and number of other uses of ion beam probes are discussed. 

Hansson HC, Ekholm AKP, Ross HB. 1988. Rainwater analysis A comparison between proton-induced x-ray emission and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Environmental Science and Technology 22 527-531. 

Brands proposed a calculation method in the case of segregation A special type of inhomogeneous, particulate objects is the surface analysis by microscopic techniques e.g. analytical electron sj troscopy, laser induced mass spectroscopy or proton-induced X-ray emission. Here the minimum sample size can be translated into the minimum number of specific sample points in the specimen under investigation. 

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy) and nuclear-reaction-based analyses (like RBS - Rutherford Backscattering -, and PIXE - Proton Induced X-ray Emission) have already proven their complementary potentialities. 

XRD, X-ray diffraction XRF, X-ray fluorescence AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry ICP-MS, Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy IC, ion chromatography EPMA, electron probe microanalysis SEM, scanning electron microscope ESEM, environmental scanning electron microscope HRTEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy LAMMA, laser microprobe mass analysis XPS, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy RLMP, Raman laser microprobe analysis SHRIMP, sensitive high resolution ion microprobe. PIXE, proton-induced X-ray emission FTIR, Fourier transform infrared. 

The most utilized methods include X-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), activation analysis (AA), optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP), mass spectroscopy (MS). Less frequently used techniques include ion-selective electrode (ISE), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), and ion chromatography (IC). In different laboratories each of these methods may be practiced by using one of several optional approaches or techniques. For instance, activation analysis may involve conventional thermal neutron activation analyses, fast neutron activation analysis, photon activation analysis, prompt gamma activation analysis, or activation analysis with radio chemical separations. X-ray fluorescence options include both wave-length and/or energy dispersive techniques. Atomic absorption spectroscopy options include both conventional flame and flameless graphite tube techniques. 

A similar preconcentration process was developed by Lochmuller, Galbraith and Walter (41) for the analysis of water for trace metals. The membrane after equilibration with the water sample is in this case analyzed by proton induced X-ray emission. Claimed advantages of the latter technique are a wider range of applicability than neutron activation, easier applicability to rapid routine analysis than anodic stripping and greater sensitivity than conventional X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. 

GPC (total radioactive strontium) = beta gas proportional counter Bq = Becquerel dpm = disintegrations per minute EDTA = ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid GFAAS (total strontium) = graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy ICP-AES (total strontium) = inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ICP-MS (isotopic strontium composition) = inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry LSC (isotopic quanitification of 89Srand 90Sr) = liquid scintillation counting pCi = pico curies (10-12 curies) PIXE (total strontium) = proton induced x-ray emission TMAH = tetramethylammonium hydroxide TNA (total strontium) = thermal neutron activation and radiometric measurement TRXF (total strontium) = total-reflection x-ray fluorescence... 

A reasonably complete analysis of the inorganic chemical composition of the aerosol requires much effort and involves, in addition to wet chemical methods, instrumental techniques such as neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, or proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). These latter techniques yield the elemental composition. They furnish no direct information on the chemical compounds involved, although auxiliary data from mineralogy, chemical equilibria, etc. usually leave little doubt about the chemical form in which the elements occur. Thus, sulfur is present predominantly as sulfate, and chlorine and bromine as Cl- and Br-, respectively, whereas sodium potassium, magnesium, and calcium show up as... 

Figure 5 (A) Contour plot of the distribution of carboxyiate ions in the water-tree by FTiR microscopy. (B) Proton-induced X-ray emission image of the sampie showing the distribution of potassium. Note the simiiarity to (A). (Parker SF (1995) industriai appiications of vibrationai spectroscopy and the roie of the computer, in George WO and Steeie D (eds.) Computing Applications in Molecular Spectroscopy, pp. 181-199. Cambridge The Royai Society of Chemistry reproduced by permission of the The Royai Society of Chemistry.)...

AAS atomic absorption spectroscopy Dopa 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ICP inductively coupled plasma PIXE proton-induced X-ray emission analysis... 

Several different methods have been utilized for measuring iron in these biological samples. However, spectrophotometry is the most widely used because it does not require unusual equipment and is readily amenable to automation. Atomic absorption spectrometry is effectively used for tissue and urine analyses [33-35], but unreliable results are obtained with serum due to sensitivity limitations as well as matrix and hemoglobin interferences [35]. Other methods utilizing inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy [36], coulometry [37], proton induced X-ray emission [38], neutron activation analysis [39], radiative energy attenuation [40], and radiometry with Fe [41] have been described but, with the exception of coulometry, have not become standard procedures in the clinical chemistry laboratory, inasmuch as sophisticated and expensive instrumentation is required in some instances. However, some of them, e.g., neutron activation, may be the method of choice for definitive accurate analysis. 

Andalo et al (2001) Andalo, C. Bicchieri, M Bocchini, P Casu, G. GaUetti, G.C. Mando, P.A. Nardone, M Sodo, A. Plossi Zappala, M. The beautiful Trionfo d Amore attributed to Botticelh a chemical characterisation by proton-induced X-ray emission and micro-Raman spectroscopy Analytica Chimica Acta 429 (2001) 279-286... 

Figure 1.13 Selected analytical techniques used for metallomics studies. ICP-OES, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry LA-ICP-MS, laser ablation ICP-MS XRF, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy PIXE, proton induced X-ray emission NAA, neutron activation analysis SIMS, secondary ion mass spectroscopy GE, gel electrophoresis LC, liquid chromatography GC, gas chromatography MS, mass spectrometry, which includes MALDI-TOF-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and ESI-MS, electron spray ionization mass spectrometry NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance PX, protein crystallography XAS, X-ray absorption spectroscopy NS, neutron scattering.

Rahman A, Mohamed MH, Ahmed M, Aitani AM Characterization of chromia/alumina catalysts by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, proton induced X-ray emission and ther-mogravimetric analysis, Appl Catal A Gen 121(2) 203—216, 1995. 

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