Micro-Raman spectroscopy

Micro-Raman spectroscopy has evolved as a possible experimental method for estimating local stress in nonplanar, submicron scale structures of interest in very large scale integration (VLSI) devices and MEMS see, for example, Kobayashi et al. (1990) and DeWolf et al. (1992). Examples of the geometries studied by this method include local isolation structures involving techniques such as local oxidation of polysilicon over silicon, iso- 

For the case of interconnect line features patterned on a single crystal Si substrate, a common procedure for the use of micro-Raman spectroscopy entails determination of the stress in the interconnect from the distortion produced in the substrate and the dielectric which immediately surround the interconnect (DeWolf et al. (1992) Ma et al. (1995) DeWolf et al. (1999)) the Raman spectra can be measured in the backscattering mode using an argon laser. The piezo-spectroscopic shift in the Raman spectrum, which is induced by such local distortions, can be measured to a spatial resolution on the order of 1 pan. so that stress in individual lines can be estimated. 

Stress in anisotropic and patterned films laser beam 

A drawback of this method is that micro-Raman spectroscopy cannot generally be applied to metallic materials. Furthermore, stress estimation can only be made on the basis of Raman spectra gathered in the substrate and the dielectric on the sides of the interconnect lines. Such measurements cannot be made in the region immediately below the line, where the stress is more uniform and more sensitive to the stress in the lines themselves, if the substrate is nontransparent. Despite these limitations, the micro-Raman spectroscopy method has been successfully used to infer the average values of internal stress components in interconnect lines tested in the as-fabricated condition as well as after electromigration testing (Ma et al. (1995) DeWolf et al. (1999)). 

A cubic crystal is subjected to uniaxial tension along the [112] direction. Show that the effective elastic modulus for that orientation is 

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Turrell G and Dhamelincourt P 1996 Micro-Raman spectroscopy Modern Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy ed J J Laserna (New York Wiley) pp 109-42... 

However, as Raman scattering is a two-photon process, the probability of the Raman scattering process is lower than that of fluorescence and IR absorption processes. The cross section of Raman scattering is 10 cm, which is much smaller than that of fluorescence ( 10 cm ) and IR absorption ( 10 °cm ). When we detect Raman scattering at the nanoscale, the number of photons obtained is less than with the usual micro-Raman spectroscopy due to reduction in the detection area or the number of molecules. To overcome this problem, we need to devise a method for amplification of Raman scattering. 

Bicchieri M., Nardone M., Russo P.A., Sodo A., Corsi M., Cristoforetti G., Palleschi V., Salvetti A., Tognoni E., Characterization of azurite and lazurite based pigments by LIBS and micro-Raman spectroscopy, Spectrochim. Acta B 2001 56 915-922. 

P. Vandenaheele, B. Wohling, L. Moens, H. Edwards, M. De Ren and G. van Hooydonk, Analysis with micro Raman spectroscopy of natural organic binding media and varnishes used in art, Anal. Chim. Acta, 407, 261 274 (2000). 

K. Shen, S. Curran, H. Xu, S. Rogelj, Y. Jiang, J. Dewald, and T. Pietrass, Single-walled carbon nanotube purification, pelletization, and surfactant-assisted dispersion a combined term and resonant micro-Raman spectroscopy study. J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 4455 1463 (2005). 

J.S. Kim, P.K.H. Ho, C.E. Murphy, N. Baynes, and R.H. Friend, Nature of non-emissive black spots in polymer light-emitting diodes by in-situ micro-Raman spectroscopy, Adv. Mater., 14 206-209, 2001. 

Micro-Raman spectroscopy Crystal phase structure, crystal size, surface metal oxide structure and coverage Trained Free... 

D. Hill, T. Jawhari, J.G. Cespedes, J.A. Garcia and E. Bertran, In-situ monitoring of laser annealing by micro-Raman spectroscopy for hydrogenated silicon nanoparticles produced in radio frequency glow discharge, Phys. Status SolidiA, 203, 1296-1300 (2006). 

Probing Metalloproteins Electronic absorption spectroscopy of copper proteins, 226, 1 electronic absorption spectroscopy of nonheme iron proteins, 226, 33 cobalt as probe and label of proteins, 226, 52 biochemical and spectroscopic probes of mercury(ii) coordination environments in proteins, 226, 71 low-temperature optical spectroscopy metalloprotein structure and dynamics, 226, 97 nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, 226, 119 nanosecond time-resolved absorption and polarization dichroism spectroscopies, 226, 147 real-time spectroscopic techniques for probing conformational dynamics of heme proteins, 226, 177 variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism, 226, 199 linear dichroism, 226, 232 infrared spectroscopy, 226, 259 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 226, 289 infrared circular dichroism, 226, 306 Raman and resonance Raman spectroscopy, 226, 319 protein structure from ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy, 226, 374 single-crystal micro-Raman spectroscopy, 226, 397 nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy, 226, 409 techniques for obtaining resonance Raman spectra of metalloproteins, 226, 431 Raman optical activity, 226, 470 surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering, 226, 482 luminescence... 

Bukalov SS, Mikhalitsyn LA, Zubavichus YaV et al (2006) Investigation of the structure of graphite and other sp2 materials by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Russian Khim Zh l(l) 83-87 [in Russian]... 

Single Cell Identification of Bacteria by Means of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy... 

The interactions of drugs with bacterial cells were also analyzed by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy [61, 62]. Whole-cell changes inside the Grampositive bacterium Staph, epidermidis, which occur as a result of the presence of the drug moxifloxacin, led to spectral changes mainly of bands assigned to protein constituents and DNA moieties. 

The vast identification potential of micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with the aforementioned sophisticated chemometric analysis methods is corroborated within various works In one study a total of 2257 Raman spectra of single cells were used to differentiate among 20 strains belonging to 9 different species. Here, a recognition rate of 89.2% for strains using the SVM technique could be achieved, albeit these bacteria were grown under different conditions (cultivation time medium, and temperature). [45]... 

Voyiatzis, G.A. 8c Andrikopoulos, K.S. Past Monitoring of the Molecular Orientation in Drawn Polymers Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Appl. Spectrosc. 2002, 56, 528-535. 

Micro-Raman spectroscopy of the SWNTs hydrogenated at P = 5.0 GPa and T = 500°C have shown a giant structureless hot luminescence background that screens all vibration modes (Meletov et al. 2007). Among them, the most interesting... 

Several variations of Raman spectroscopy have been developed with the purpose of enhancing the sensitivity [surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)], improving the spatial resolution (micro-Raman spectroscopy), or acquiring very specific information (resonance Raman spectroscopy) (Laserna, 1996). Specifically, SERS (Fleischmann et al., 1974) is normally done in a silver or gold colloid or a... 

Orlovskaya (2005), et al, Detection of Temperature- and Stress-induced Modifications of LaCo03 by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy , Physical Review, B 7, 014122. 

Other methods include tip-enhanced Raman using 20- to 30-nm diameter Au or Ag tips, polarized Raman, stimulated Raman, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), where two laser beams are combined to generate an anti-Stokes beam, and so on. 

A high-quality diamond film electrode needs high purity and quality diamond film fully covering the substrate to limit the exposure of the substrate to the environment. Micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron... 

DEGRADATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) WITH DIFFERENT ADDITIVES STUDIES BY MICRO RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY... 

Recent progress in confocal micro Raman spectroscopy has made it possible to investigate chromosomes and whole single living cells (Puppels et al., 1990, 1991). A spatial resolution of less than 1 )im was obtained. Different Raman spectra have been recorded of the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. The spectrum of the nucleus consists of lines attributed to DNA and protein vibrations, strongly ressembling the spectra of isolated chromatin. The search for left-handed Z form DNA in metaphase chromosomes is in progress. 

The layered oxide ion conductors Srj Bi9 0(27-.t)/2 and BaBigOis show similar intercalation reactions with iodine. The iodine atoms intercalate into the van der Waals gap between adjacent Bi sheets to form stage 1 compounds. The spacing between adjacent Bi layers increases by 3 A corresponding to the intercalation of a monolayer of iodine atoms. Micro-Raman spectroscopy shows that the intercalated iodine species is predominantly I3. Ag-1 intercalated Sri,5Bi7,50i2.75, was synthesized by reaction with iodine and then in a second step with silver metal. Intercalation of lithium iodide into the ferroelectric layered compound Bi4Ti30i2 j has also been reported. ... 

Micro-Raman spectroscopy has shown that during tension, only the outer layers of MWNTs are loaded, whereas during compression, the load is transferred to all layers. 

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