Protecting Groundwater

Casing and cementing (not to scale). (Adapted from Arthur, J.D. et aL, An Overview of Modem Shale Gas Development in the United States, ALL Consulting, Tulsa, OK, 2008.) 

Each string of casing serves as a layer of protection, separating the fluids inside and outside of the casing and preventing them from coming into contact. Operators perform a variety of checks to ensure that the desired 

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RCRA s TSDF standards also include provisions to protect groundwater and air resources from hazardous waste contamination. RCRA requires owners and operators of land-based units (i.e., land treatment units, landfills, surface impoundments, and waste piles) to monitor the groundwater below their TSDF for possible contamination, and clean up any discovered contamination. 

Huibregtse, K.R. and Kastman, K.H., Development of a System to Protect Groundwater Treatment by Hazardous Spills on Land, U.S EPA, Edison, NJ, 1979. 

A successful modem hazardous industrial waste treatment program for a particular industry will include not only traditional water pollution control but also air pollution control, noise control, soil conservation, site remediation, radiation protection, groundwater protection, hazardous waste management, solid waste disposal, and combined industrial-municipal waste treatment and management. In fact, it should be a holistic environmental control program. Another intention of this handbook series is to provide technical and economical information on the development of the most feasible total environmental control program that can benefit both industry and local municipalities. Frequently, the most economically feasible methodology is a combined industrial-municipal waste treatment. 

U. S. Accounting Office, 1984, Federal and State Efforts to Protect Groundwater Washington, D.C., February, 80 pp. 

WHO (2006), Protecting Groundwater for Health Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources, World Health Organization, Geneva. 

The best way to keep from contaminating groundwater is to follow labeling directions exactly. Be sure to note whether the labeling requires take any special steps to protect groundwater. In addition, remember the following ... 

The ultimate goal of the RCRA is to protect groundwater from contamination. The legislation addresses only current and future facilities, as abandoned or historic sites are covered by CERCLA and SARA, described next. 

The agricultural chemical industry is very serious about the importance of protecting groundwater and the safe use of agricultural chemicals. Several projects are underway to minimize the presence of these products in groundwater. The industry is also very concerned that efficacious and safe products be maintained on the market and new products registered. Groundwater is a major... 

Thirdly, intrusive investigation is carried out carefully, so that further contamination is avoided, for example by damage to buried tanks and pipes or by breaking barriers to movement of contamination, such as clay horizons protecting groundwater. 

Altruistic value the value that an individual places on other persons having protected groundwater reserves today. 

Bequest value the value that the current generation places on protected groundwater reserves for the benefit of future generations. 

Sahni, B. M., Bhuiyan, S. I. Monitoring and Protecting Groundwater Quality in Stratified Aquifer Systems, in Studies in Environmental Science 17, p. 761, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1981... 

Electrokinetics has been applied to remove nitrate from soil to protect groundwater and to enhance bioremediation of soil contaminated by other pollutants. In this section, nitrate is treated as a pollutant in Section 6.3.3, it is treated as a nutrient. 

This market received a boost in the early 1990s when the EPA issued the first federal standards for municipal solid waste landfills. The main objective was to prevent leakage and protect groundwater and soil near the landfills. Needle-punched fabrics are used as a geotextile cushion specifically where there is need for puncture protection, often on top of the liner, and as blankets in drainage systems inside the landfill, as a tarpaulin on the outside of the landfill, and underneath as a foundation for erosion control. 

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