Intrusive investigation

Keen visual observation is the most important task during a site reconnaissance. Flowever, some basic in-held chemical testing equipment is useful. Commercial kits are available, mainly based on colorimetric reactions. These kits can be used to check for the presence or absence of common contaminants and to measure soil pH. However, the results obtained using these test kits should only be regarded as qualitative, not least because samples taken at the surface may not represent the bulk of materials on the site. For site reconnaissance, the use of in-held instrumental testing is not justihed. An exception is hand-held equipment to test for the presence of gaseous and volatile contamination—photo-ionisation and other detectors are useful where such contaminants are anticipated. While a Phase la study does not normally include intrusive investigation, a small number of samples may be taken for laboratory analysis. These can be important when waste and other potentially contaminated materials of unknown composition have been spread, deposited or are stored on the site. 

A more complete knowledge of the physical layout of the site and its below ground features can be obtained by non-intrusive survey methods. Ground-penetrating radar is able to locate buried features such as pipes and tanks. Soil conductivity may reveal buried objects and areas of made-ground or waste disposal. From the results of these types of survey, areas for possible intrusive investigation are identified and the zoning of the site can be refined. 

Careful planning and design of intrusive investigation is always needed. This is critical to ensure that the investigation is sufficient, in terms of both the quantity and the quality of information collected, while not going beyond requirements. Site investigation is only a tool for achieving the objectives of the Phase lb assessment it is not the assessment itself. 

Thirdly, intrusive investigation is carried out carefully, so that further contamination is avoided, for example by damage to buried tanks and pipes or by breaking barriers to movement of contamination, such as clay horizons protecting groundwater. 

The threat posed at the American University site requires that every part of the 600 acre site be surveyed with magnetometers and ground penetrating radar to a depth of 10 feet, with all anomalies intrusively investigated and cleared. ... 

New information from the Apex Report indicated that full chemical bottles were buried as well as ordnance. The geophysical investigation with a magnetometer and the anomaly review board protocols looked only for ordnance, not for lead- and silver-lined laboratory equipment or metal hardware that could be a clue to the burial of glass laboratory carboys or smaller containers. In fact, one suspect chemical shipping container was unearthed in the 73 anomalies intrusively investigated. 

Conduct geophysical surveys on at least the first three priority tiers of properties and intrusively investigate all unexplained anomalies. This is necessary because there are still 4301 shells missing from the AUES inventory. 

The regulations are applicable for intrusive investigation actions and remedial actions requiring the disposal of a listed RCRA waste. 

Of course, all of the described types of detectors can locate ordnance. Many UXO technicians still mag and flag using a hand-held cesium vapor magnetometer. If all anomalies are to be intrusively investigated, these work fairly weU. But they will not find brass or aluminum fuses and detonators, lead projectiles, or aluminum-cased bombs. On range impact areas, any loose fuses are likely to have detonated anyway. However, on impact areas the amount of shell fragments (frag) render the cesium... 

With the advent of mercury intrusion porosimeters, it is advantageous to perform a pore size distribution of investigational batches of a drug [43]. The Washburn equation [44] states that the pressure, P, necessary to intrude a pore is given by... 

The above devices are flow intrusive, subjected to wear and the splitter itself cannot control changing downstream conditions. A potentially more direct and efficient approach is to monitor the change in flow conditions downstream of a splitter (Barnes and Mumane, 1995) and employ active splitters (Selves et al., 1995) to control the split ratio of air and hence, material. Some of the active splitters being investigated and developed by Selves et al., 1995 include ... 

The results of indirect and direct investigations were constantly validated against one another and reinterpreted where necessary on the basis of reciprocal results, and field / laboratory data, regarding both information in the sub-surface (e.g., state and degree of fracturing of bedrock, lithological variations, groundwater table level, salinity, seawater intrusion) and its contamination (e.g., presence of LNAPL). 

CASE 4 - Determination of areas characterized by salt water intrusion (integrated evaluation of geophysical data and electrical conductivity data from direct investigations in monitoring wells)... 

Fairweather et al. [204] developed a microfluidic device and method to measure the capillary pressure as a function of fhe liquid water saturation for porous media wifh heferogeneous wetting properties during liquid and gas intrusions. In addition to being able to produce plots of capillary pressure as a function of liquid wafer safuration, their technique also allowed them to investigate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pore volumes. This method is still in its early stages because the compression pressure and the temperatures were not controlled however, it can become a potential characterization technique that would permit further understanding of mass transport within the DL. 

Search and seizure is generally defined as the search by law enforcement officials, or their agents, of a person or place to seize evidence to be used in the investigation and prosecution of a crime. The security of one s privacy against arbitrary intrusion by the poHce, which is the core of the Fourth Amendment, is basic to a free society, and therefore, implicit in the concept of ordered liberty [36]. 

Benzodiazepines. These agents, particularly alprazolam and clonazepam, have been widely used in the treatment of PTSD, despite little evidence to demonstrate their effectiveness. The few studies exploring the effectiveness of benzodiazepines for PTSD suggest that they provide modest relief for anxiety in general but offer no benefit for the core symptoms of PTSD, namely, intrusive recollections and emotional numbing. Furthermore, a small controlled study investigating prophylactic treatment with a benzodiazepine in the immediate aftermath of trauma exposure failed to protect patients from the subsequent development of PTSD symptoms. Consequently, we do not recommend benzodiazepines for the routine management of PTSD. 

Harrison T. M. and McDougall I. (1980). Investigations of an intrusive contact, northwest Nelson, New Zealand, II Diffusion of radiogenic and excess " °Ar in hornblende revealed by " °Ar/ Ar age spectrum analysis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44 2005-2020. 

Thermally-driven convection in porous media has been simulated since Lapwood (1948) and has become increasingly complex and realistic. No models to our knowledge have systematically investigated the number and size of deposits that might form above a sill, nor have any modeled a system that would permit significant flow on the side and under the intrusive heat source. 

Work concentrated on gangue quartz in main gold-bearing sulfides veins, and in late stage intrusion-related ( ) base-metal veins. Polished sections were first investigated by transmitted and reflected light microscopy to find suitable samples... 

For the reasons stated above, deep intrusion of degrading microbes into polysaccharide-plastic films is demonstrably and theoretically improbable. Since starch removal does occur when the films are buried in soil, the primary mechanism must be microbial production of amylase in or near a pore, diffusion of the enzyme into pores and diffusion of soluble digestion products back to the surface where they are metabolized (Figure 3). This mechanism would be the only choice when the pore diameter is too small to admit a microbial cell (i.e., at diameters < 0.5 /im). An alternative mechanism could be diffusion of a water-soluble polysaccharide to the film surface, at which point degradation would occur. None of the materials used in these investigations showed loss of starch even when soaked in water for extended periods with microbial inhibitors present. Therefore, diffusion of amylase to the substrate rather than diffusion of the substrate to the film surface is the more likely mechanism. 

Because the isotopic composition of igneous rocks is quite different from those of sedimentary rocks, studies of the isotope variations in the vicinity of an intrusive contact offer the possibihty of investigating the role of fluids interacting with rocks around cooling plutons. Two types of aureole can be distinguished (Nabelek 1991)... 

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