Properties insecticides

Several nerve toxins produced by plants are interesting because of their insecticidal properties. Insecticidal nicotine is extracted from tobacco. Rotenone (Figure 19.2) is synthesized by almost 70 legumes. This insecticidal compound is safe for most mammals, with the notable exception of swine. The most significant insecticidal plant derivatives, however, are the pyrethrins, discussed below. 

For all of their pesticidal properties, insecticidal soaps are nontoxie to humans and to other test animals, and they biodegrade rapidly in the soil. They will, however, kill beneficial insects along with the pests, so limit their use to problem areas. Herbicidal soaps will affect any plant that they are sprayed on, so use with care around valuable ornamentals. 

Rhus retinorrhoea Steud. ex Olive (leaves) Biflavanone (I-25,II-25)-I-7,II-7-di-0-methyl-I-2,3,II-2,3-tetrahydroamento-flavone (56). Used in traditional medicine because of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Insecticidal activities against aphids. Moderate antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (W2 Clone) weak activity against P. falciparum (D6 Clone). Ahmed et ah, 2001[68]. 

Various other properties intestinal antiseptic (932, 933), fungicide (934, 935), insecticide (895. 898), coccidiostatic activity (936), car-cinolytic activity (937), radioprotective activity (938), antimutagenic activity (939, 940). 

Application. The useflilness of any insecticide is substantially dependent upon its proper appHcation and this is deterrnined by the properties of the insecticide, the habits of the pest to be controlled, and the site of the appHcation to be made. The three general methods of applying insecticides are spraying, with water or oil as the principal carrier dusting, with a fine dry powder as the carrier and fumigation, where the insecticide is appHed as a gas (1). 

K. Naumaim, Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides Structures and Properties, Sptinger-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 

W. J. Hayes, Jr., and E. R. Laws, Jr., eds.. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1990. Three volume set provides detailed toxicological profiles of more than 250 insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides each compound described by identity, properties, and uses toxicity to humans, laboratory animals, domestic animals, and wildlife includes comprehensive coverage of diagnosis, treatment, prevention of injury, effects on domestic animals, wildlife, and humans - ISjOOO references. 

Pesticide Solvent. The majority of organic fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides (qv) are soluble in DMSO, including such difficult-to-solvate materials as the substituted ureas and carbamates (see Fungicides, agricultural Insect control technology Pesticides). Dimethyl sulfoxide forms cosolvent systems of enhanced solubiUty properties with many solvents (109). 

Bunte salts have bacterial, insecticidal, and fungicidal properties, and are also used as chelating agents (qv) or surfactants (qv) (97,98). Bunte salts have been tested for preirradiation protection for mammals exposed to lethal radiation doses (99,100) (see Radioprotectiveagents). 

Calcined Anhydrite. Soluble anhydrite, or second-settle stucco, has physical properties similar to those of gypsum plaster. It hydrates to the dihydrate rapidly in water. Its outstanding property is its extreme affinity for any moisture, which makes it a very efficient drying agent (see Desiccants). In ambient moisture-laden air, it readily hydrates to hemihydrate. Soluble anhydrite, under the trade name Drierite, is widely used as a desiccant in the laboratory and in iadustry. A small amount is also used as an insecticide carrier. Small amounts of soluble anhydrite are unintentionally produced in most commercial calciners during hemihydrate production. 

Phenazine-l-carboxamide (137) is known as oxychlororaphine and has been isolated from cultures of Pseudomonas chlororaphisit has some limited inhibitory properties, but the inhibitory action of phenazines is generally disappointing. Some phenazine derivatives have insecticidal properties thus, phenazine itself has been found to be toxic to the clothes moth, the Hawaiian beet webworm, the rice weevil and larva of the codling moth, but under trial conditions its toxicity to plant material, as evidenced by severe burning of foliage, was found to be too high to make it of practical value. 

Haloisoxazolylureas have acardicidal and insecticidal properties 76JAP(K)7659858 and isoxazoles with a phosphorothiolate functionality are broad spectrum insecticides <80USP4212861, 78USP4104375, 78JAP(K)7825566>. 

Another section of the EPA, the Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (OPPT), has recently updated and harmonized its testing guidelines for evaluating the developmental and reproductive effects of pesticides and industrial chemicals to include an assessment of endocrine disrupting properties. These guidelines will be used in future testing of pesticides under both the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). 

Diatomaceous Earth. .. then it couldn t have any significant insecticidal properties and would be labeled as something other than diatomaceous earth. http //froebuck.home.texas.net/toppage7.htm... 

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