Propellant analysis

Airplane propeller analysis relies upon the axial momentum theoiy, which is based on energy, momentum, and mass conseiwation laws. This theo-I y has been applied to wind turbines as well. The power (P ) of a fluid passing across an area perpendicular to the flow is... 

In order to reduce or eliminate off-line sample preparation, multidimensional chromatographic techniques have been employed in these difficult analyses. LC-GC has been employed in numerous applications that involve the analysis of poisonous compounds or metabolites from biological matrices such as fats and tissues, while GC-GC has been employed for complex samples, such as arson propellants and for samples in which special selectivity, such as chiral recognition, is required. Other techniques include on-line sample preparation methods, such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)-GC and LC-GC-GC. In many of these applications, the chromatographic method is coupled to mass spectrometry or another spectrometiic detector for final confirmation of the analyte identity, as required by many courts of law. 

In the 1930s ducts or nozzles surrounding highly loaded propellers were introduced. Experiments had shown that propeller efficiency was improved, and many of these devices (often referred to as Kort nozzles) have been used in tugs and fishing boats. Theoretical analysis of ducted propellers has shown that the efficiency can be improved compared to conventional propellers when some of the thrust is produced by the fluid flow around the nozzle. 

Wilkniss, Fast Neutron Activation Analysis For Nitrogen in Explosives and Propellants , RadiochimActa 7 (4), 196—8 (1967) CA 68, 4570 (1968) 45) Anon, Fropeilant,... 

Simultaneous Differential Thermal-Mass Spectrometer Analysis of Nitrate Salts of Mono-methylhydrazine and Methylamine , SAMSO TR-70-117(1970) 54) Anon, Propellants,... 

D.E. Coats et al, Analysis of a Solid Propellant Gas Generator Using an Ammonium Perchlorate-Butadiene Composite Propellant , Report No AFRPL TR-72-58, Contract F04611-71-C-0058, Ultrasystems Inc, Irvine (1972)... 

W.C. Strahle J.C. Handley, Synergistic Effects and Deflagration Analysis In Composite Solid Propellant Combustion , Final Report, Contract N00014-75-C-0332... 

MacDonald, Control Analysis In the Manufacture of Polybutadiene Propellant , Rept No CARDE-TR-57B/67, Valcartier(Can) (1967)... 

Performance Analysis of a Family of Solid Propellants with Details of the Computer Programme and the Theoretical Method Used , Rept No RPE TN 225, Westcott (Engl) (1963) 6) S.A. Johnson et al, Research on Combustion of Solid Propellants , Rept No 641Q3, Contract DA-04-495-AMC-239(R), Lockheed Proplsn Co, Redlands(1964) 7) R.L.Coates, Research... 

The Analysis of Ethyl Oleate and Its Determination in Plastic Propellant and Propellant Premixes by Gas Chromatography , Rept No QAD (MATS 1-166 (Engl) (1970)... 

Under increasing strain the propint volume increases from the voids created around the unbonded solid particles. Nonlinearities in Young s modulus and Poisson s ratio then occur. Francis (Ref 50) shows this effect for a carboxy-terminated polybutadiene composite propellant with 14% binder as in Figure 12. He concludes that nonlinearities in low-temperature properties reduce the predicted stress and strain values upon cooling a solid motor, and therefore a structural analysis that neglects these effects will be conservative. However, when the predictions are extended to a pressurized fiberglas motor case, the nonlinearities in properties produce greater strains than those predicted with linear analysis... 

Fundamental research in pyrotechnics is published in the US in Combustion and Flame by the Combustion Institute, and in the UK in Combustion Science and Technology and in Fuel . Germany has the new, journal, Propellants and Explosives (German Chemical Society), which is the successor to the discontinued Explosivstoffe . A necessary caveat is that these journals are strongly oriented toward combustion or propulsion so that only rarely do they yield pyrotechnic information. Likewise, the various publications of the learned societies contain much data on thermodynamics, spectroscopy, and instrumental analysis which are useful in the study of pyrotechnics. In the USSR the situation is somewhat better as Physics of Combustion and Explosion (Fizika Gorenia i Vzryva) of the Siberian Branch Academy of Sciences USSR is exclusively oriented toward subjects of interest, as several scientific institutes are primarily devoted to research in pyrotechnics. The same authors do publish also, however, in the journals of the Academy of Science USSR (of which there are several) as well as in the corresponding journals of the academies of the various republics, so that the impression is created of a high level of activity... 

Beyer (B8) has recently reported the analysis of arc-imaging-furnace data obtained on a variety of composite-propellant formulations. He showed the data could be correlated by the expression... 

During flame propagation, a constantly increasing amount of propellant combustion products is added to the igniter products, thereby producing a constantly increasing mass velocity of total gas. As a first approximation to the real situation, the following expression has been used in the theoretical analysis to account for this effect ... 

One extremely important point to realize is that different propellant types may have different rate-controlling processes. For example, the true double-base propellants are mixed on a molecular scale, since both fuel and oxidizing species occur on the same molecule. The mixing of ingredients and their decomposition products has already occurred and can therefore be neglected in any analysis. On the other hand, composite and composite modified-double-base propellants are not mixed to this degree, and hence mixing processes may be important in the analysis of their combustion behavior. 

Most theoretical studies have concentrated on the analysis of the combustion zone of nonaluminized propellant systems. In actual practice, propellants containing aluminum are used in many applications. One study in which aluminum has been included has recently been published by Dunlop and Crowe (D2). In this study, the combustion zone is idealized to consist of four regions, as shown in Fig. 21. The results of these simplified one-dimensional analyses suggest that the combustion of aluminum particles in the gas... 

Friedly (F4) expanded the theoretical analysis of Hart and McClure and included second-order perturbation terms. His analysis shows that the linear response of the combustion zone (i.e., the acoustic admittance) is not sign-ficantly altered by the incorporation of second-order perturbation terms. However, the second-order perturbation terms predict changes in the propellant burning rate (i.e., transition from the linear to nonlinear behavior) consistent with experimental observation. The analysis including second-order terms also shows that second-harmonic frequency oscillations of the combustion chamber can become important. 

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