Vegetable oil, used

Nonfood Uses. Vegetable oils are utilized in a variety of nonedible applications, but only a few percent of the U.S. soybean oil production is used for such products (see Table 13). Soybean oil is converted into alkyd resins (qv) for protective coatings, plasticizers, dimer acids, surfactants (qv), printing inks, SoyDiesel fuel (methyl esters used to replace petroleum-based diesel fuel) and other products (76). 

Use of cosolvent. Various cosolvents, such as acetone, ethanol, methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, and water, have been used for the removal of carotenoids using SC-CO2 extraction (Ollanketo and others 2001). All these cosolvents except water (only 2% of recovery) increased the carotenoid recovery. The use of vegetable oils such as hazelnut and canola oil as a cosolvent for the recovery of carotenoids from carrots and tomatoes have been reported (Sun and Temelli, 2006 Shi, 2001 Vasapollo and others 2004). For the extraction without cosolvent addition, the lycopene yield was below 10% for 2- to 5-hr extraction time, whereas in the presence of hazelnut oil, the lycopene yield increased to about 20% and 30% in 5 and 8 hr, respectively. The advantages of using vegetable oils as cosolvents are the higher extraction yield the elimination of organic solvent addition, which needs to be removed later and the enrichment of the oil with carotenoids that can be potentially used in a variety of product applications. 

Variation 2 Compare the Effect of Using Vegetable Oil Instead of Hard Fat... 

The biorefinery scheme was developed initially for carbohydrate-containing feedstocks. Large biorefineries are currently operating in the USA (e.g., Cargill at Blair, Nebraska) and in Europe (e.g., Roquette Frs. at Lestrem, France). The concept can be extended to produce chemicals from other renewable feedstocks. An integrated production of oleochemicals and biofuels can be achieved in biorefineries using vegetables oils as main feedstock to produce versatile platform mole-... 

Vegetable oils have the potential to substitute a fraction of petroleum distillates and petroleum-based petrochemicals in the near future. Vegetable oil fuels are not petroleum-competitive fuels because they are more expensive than petroleum fuels. However, with recent increases in petroleum prices and uncertainties concerning petroleum availability, there is renewed interest in using vegetable oils, called biodiesel, in diesel engines. 

This reaction offers several advantages when compared to esterification of fatty acids, mainly owing to the possibility of using vegetable oils as substrates. In this case, a vegetable oil and an alcohol are used as substrates in the production of glycerol and fatty acid alkyl esters. Conventionally, acid and basic catalysts have been used (4,5). However, the use of acid catalysts usually results in low conversions. The use of basic catalysts require the utilization of vegetable oils with low free fatty acid con-... 

Clarke, N., J. Casey, E. Brown, E. Oneyma, and K. Donaghy (2006) Preparation and viscosity of biodiesel from new and used vegetable oil. J. Chem. Educ. 83,257-259. 

Tickell, J. (2000) From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank The Complete Guide to Using Vegetable Oil as an Alternative Fuel, 3rd ed. Covington, LA Tickell Energy Consultants. 

Clarke, N. R. Casey, J. R Brown, E. D. Oneyma, E. Donaghy, K. J. Preparation and Viscosity of Biodiesel from New and Used Vegetable Oil. An Inquiry-Based Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 257—259. 

Because triacylglycerols release heat on combustion, they can in principle be used as fuels for vehicles. In fact, coconut oil was used as a fuel during both World War I and World War II, when gasoline and diesel supplies ran short. Since coconut oil is more viscous than petroleum products and freezes at 24 °C, engines must be modified to use it and it can t be used in cold climates. Nonetheless, a limited number of trucks and boats can now use vegetable oils, sometimes blended with diesel, as a fuel source. When the price of crude oil is high, the use of these biofuels becomes economically attractive. 

Palm kernel oil, obtained from the nuts of the palm tree, is another frequently used vegetable oil and is somewhat similar in properties and composition to coconut oil (see Table 1). 

Use Vegetable oils, animal fats, flavors, spices, fragrances, confections, nuts, yeast, sausage, gum feeds, beverages, cereal, desserts, dehydrated potatoes, and cosmetics. 

What can we do to protect our health For many years, nutritionists have been telling us what appears to be the best solution reduce your total fat intake to 20% of your daily calories, and reduce your consumption of animal fats by substituting vegetable oils. Whenever possible, use vegetable oils that have not been hydrogenated. 

Venkateswaran, P., Palanivelu, K. (2006). Recovery of phenol from aqueous solution by supported hquid membrane using vegetable oils as hquid membrane. J. Hazard. Mater., 131, 146-52. 

The best success and the greatest amount of experience with using vegetable oil in diesel engines has been with transesterification of the oils with simple alcohols to produce mono-alkyl esters, which have viscosities close to No. 2 diesel fuel. Most of the discussion in this chapter will focus on trandesterified fuels, known as biodiesel. 

Ln recent years, interest increased in the ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) PUFA, or LA ALA, in part due to the link between inflammation and several lifestyle diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type LL diabetes. However, whether this ratio is directly associated with an increased risk of inflammatory diseases is unclear. Furthermore, the low conversion of dietary ALA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Goyens et al., 2005 Hussein et al., 2005 Pawlosky et al., 2001) means that a lower n-6 n-3 PUFA ratio does not necessarily reflect physiologically important increases in EPA and DLiA (Harris, 2006). Consequently, evaluating absolute dietary intakes of specific n-6 and n-3 PUFAs may be most appropriate, particularly when few human experimental and clinical trial data exist to support the use of an n-6 n-3 PUFA ratio. Nevertheless, when considering the composition of SBO, notably, SBO has a lower n-6 n-3 PUFA ratio than other commonly used vegetable oils, such as corn oil. 

Repeat Steps 2-4 using vegetable oil instead of water. 

Increased yields—Yield increases of 0.4-0.5 Ibs/ft are common for Agaricus growers using vegetable oil at filling. Similar increases are reported for molasses. 

The synthesis of alkyd resins using vegetable oils proceeds in two stages. For example, pentaerythritol, the tetraol of choice and mainly responsible for the degree of branching of the alkyd [64], and a vegetable oil are reacted to form an ester by transesterification. Then, a slight excess of phthalic anhydride is added to obtain a crosslinked alkyd resin (Fig. 3.21) [65]. Both reactions are monitored by acidity and viscosity measurements [66]. 

When you purchase bakery items at a restaurant, ask if the establishment uses vegetable oil. If they do, ask if it is partially hydrogenated. If so, let them know that kind of oil is unhealthful. Ask if they can prepare your food with olive oil or canola oil instead. Customer satisfaction is a powerful motivator to influence change. 

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