Production allocation

The corporate operations planning model sets target levels and prices for interrefinery transfers, crude and product allocations to each refinery, production targets, and inventory targets for the end of each refinery model s time horizon. 

Chakravarty AK (2005) Global plant capacity and product allocation with pricing decisions. European Journal of Operational Research 165 (1) 157-181... 

Control of the field occurs on two levels. The upper level Is the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system whose main responsibility is well flow rate control, well testing, production allocation, accounting and general field monitoring. The SCADA system is operated from the Main Operations Center (MOC) which is remote from all three GCs. The second level of control is process control in the individual GCs. Flow to the GCs Is normally controlled by the SCADA system (HOC operator), but the GC operator can override and control well flow rates in case of SCADA system failure or other unusual circumstances. The GC operator and the MOC operator communicate via a dedicated telephone connection. 

The production allocation used by Sohio at Prudhoe Bay is unique in several respects. The system was developed by Mr. K. F. Chadwick and is presented in detail in his paper entitled A Practical Method of Achieving Good Well Production Allocations from Well Test Data in the Prudhoe Bay Field, published by European Offshore Petroleum Conference and Exhibition, October, 1980. The following is a brief description of the systemt... 

Oil, gas and watar flow rates and veasel temperature and presaura together with choke sise and upstream cboke pressure at the well pad are monitored by the computer as before. At the end of the test, reports are produced and three point test data In the well file is updated. Because only a single stage separation process at elevated pressure is used, PVT data stored in the computer is used to correct the measured fluid voliones to standard conditions. Production allocation is handled in the same way by using the upstream choke pressure correlation. 

The Prudhoe Bay facilities could not have been operated with the flexibility and precision that currently exists without the benefit of the centralized control and monitoring facility that a SCADA system and computer provide. This is particularly true of the unique production allocation, production control and well testing system. 

Some primary production estimates in coastal ecosystems. The values of primary production have been compiled from the sources indicated and percentages of primary production allocated to three categories of primary producer. 

Since scope economies are especially hard to quantify, a separate class of optimization models solely dealing with plant loading decisions can be found. For example, Mazzola and Schantz (1997) propose a non-linear mixed integer program that combines a fixed cost charge for each plant-product allocation, a fixed capacity consumption to reflect plant setup and a non-linear capacity-consumption function of the total product portfolio allocated to the plant. To develop the capacity consumption function the authors build product families with similar processing requirements and consider effects from intra- and inter-product family interactions. Based on a linear relaxation the authors explore both tabu-search heuristics and branch-and-bound algorithms to obtain solutions. 

Within a plant (cf. Fig. 22) the major decisions concern product allocation, product transfers, production volumes and capacity changes. 

As discussed in Chapter 3.3.4 product mix complexity effects can be modeled with a fixed cost charge incurred for every product allocated to a plant and/or via an estimation of the capacity lost due to more frequent/more complex changeover processes. Since strategic models such as the one proposed here do not simultaneously determine production campaigns, the latter approach requires an estimation of the number of changeovers occurring at a plant. 

This section documents the impact of the charge model in assessing charge risk and predicting fluid contacts (for improved HCIP estimation and well-path design) for the exploration and appraisal wells. The application of the model to production allocation is also discussed. 

Co-product allocation As one of the goals of this case study was to understand the impacts of different product types, it was necessary to apportion environmental burdens to the relevant co-products. The stages in the wool life cycle where allocation was most relevant were ... 

For the sheep production phase, four co-product allocation methods were applied in order to test the sensitivity of the final results to the choice of method ... 

The choice of co-product allocation method significantly affected the results. 

I. Boustead, Eco-Profiles of the European Plastics Industry, Report 5 Co-Product Allocation in Chlorine Plants, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, Brussels, Belgium, April (1994). 

Each production line can be encoded as a string corresponding to products allocated to each production line and their producing sequences. Accordingly, each... 

The second step is to cut or remove some products allocated at the end of each sequence in the initial chromosome based on the production-line constraints in allocated labour, material and working capital. After the cutting operation, the N strings of number will become an intermediary chromosome. 

The trend of the past decade had continued into 1950, which was not a surprise to anyone. The shock was the unexpected product allocation by the sulfur industry and the government. The reason was the claim that inventories had fallen below safe working levels. Yet, the inventory level at the end of 1950 was still... 

The model of the reservoir used for sensitivity studies (shown in Fig. 6) was a two-dimensional cross-section, 1,800 x 16.ft, with a dip of 3°. The computational, two-dimensional grid system is described in Appendix C. Water and polymer were injected into the downdip face of the model (left side of Fig, 6) at the rate of 1.46 x 10 PV/D, and oil and water were produced from the updip face (right side of Fig. 6) at the same rate, with injection and production allocated to each layer on the basis of the permeability-thickness product. 

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