Scope economies

Since scope economies are especially hard to quantify, a separate class of optimization models solely dealing with plant loading decisions can be found. For example, Mazzola and Schantz (1997) propose a non-linear mixed integer program that combines a fixed cost charge for each plant-product allocation, a fixed capacity consumption to reflect plant setup and a non-linear capacity-consumption function of the total product portfolio allocated to the plant. To develop the capacity consumption function the authors build product families with similar processing requirements and consider effects from intra- and inter-product family interactions. Based on a linear relaxation the authors explore both tabu-search heuristics and branch-and-bound algorithms to obtain solutions. 

Ni, D., Li, K.W. and Tang, X. 2009. Production costs, scope economies, and multi-client outsourcing under quantity competition. International Journal of Production Economics, 121, 130-140. 

The company was founded in 1991 and started its activities in 1996 when Esko Tahti became its managing director. TAKE s scope of activities includes the whole area of building services. Us other major projeas have been in the area o( energy use in buildings, life cycle economy, water services, indoor air control, clustering, and IT technologies and automation. 

For the majority of shipped goods, the scope and influence of freight on an economy are often under-appreciated because much of freight movement is hidden. By the time a typical automobile is fully assembled and delivered, it has gone through thousands of transportation steps. It consists of numerous basic materials and thousands of components, all of which need to be fabricated, assembled, and sent to the automobile manufacturer for final assembly. 

Due to its broad scope, as well as to its favorable features (commercial availability of the catalyst, use of a "green" oxidant, economy, extremely simple procedure and work-up), this method has been rapidly accepted, as demonstrated by its use by several different research groups, despite its recent disclosure.1617 This procedure employing CH3Re03 and UHP appears to be the method of choice when optically active nitrones are prepared by oxidation of the corresponding amines.14 15 18... 

The scope to increase resource efficiency during scale up was shown to be large in the case studies assessed here. Therefore, efforts to implement methods such as mass balancing or LCA would pay off soon, since this would help to fully tap optimization potentials concerning ecology and economy. 

As with most consumer products circulating through the economy today, the chemicals that people use in lawn care travel through many hands prior to their final fate. This vast commodity chain is international in scope, diverse in players, and intricate in connections. Figure 5.1 maps out the multiple parties who... 

The firm s scientific base, and the knowledge capital acquired by that base, they contend, dominates any simple economies of either scope or scale in determining the success or outcomes of a firm s research and development process. Scope and scale by themselves are less important than the knowledge capital accumulated by the firm. 

Considerations of convenience and economy have led us to restrict the scope of this work in several ways. We have excluded electrochemical techniques, such as conductometry, high-frequency conductometry, and dielectro-metry,i, in which neither the electrical double layer nor any electrode reaction need be considered. These furnish information so widely different from, and so rarely used in conjunction with, that provided by polarography and its congeners that combining them would be difficult and of little use. 

It is dear from the variety of natural products described in this chapter that multi-component reaction strategies encompass a very broad scope of synthetic transformations. The development of new MCRs constantly generates new opportunities, and it is likely that the application of these powerful processes in natural product synthesis is still in its infancy. Appealing characteristics of MCR strategies such as convergence and step-economy are expected to draw more and more synthetic chemists to design and implement MCRs in the total synthesis of complex natural products. 

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