Standard products, marketing

Many of the new insecticidal chemicals are complex organic materials with long and complicated names. There is need for simple common names. Without simplified terminology costly losses may result from relatively minor errors in nomenclature. Coined names must be protected if they are to remain available for general use, and must be defined with sufficient accuracy to assure that a standard product will be marketed. Selection of such names requires cooperative consideration by many agencies. Chemists can make important contributions to this undertaking. 

Additional challenges exist specifically for chemical commodities. Commodities are standard products with a defined quality, where price is the key buying criterion. Commodities are often volatile in sales and purchasing prices as well as volumes increasing crude oil prices lead to higher raw material prices in procurement while dynamic customer markets specifically in Asia lead to a sales price and volume volatility. These dynamics in volumes and values through the value chain directly impact company s profitability as shown in fig. 1. 

The standards that do exist, such as those provided under American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z21.83, only cover part of the product market. In the installation of fuel cells for residential use, the ANSI standard does not apply. If it were, some of the requirements could be excessive and push up costs. The standard may also miss problems unique to residential users. 

The evaluation of carriers and catalyst compositions showed that significantly higher SO2 oxidation activity could be achieved with Cs as a promoter under the operating conditions downstream the intermediate absorption tower as demonstrated by the results in Table 1, where the activity compared to the standard product is increased by more than a factor 2. This was clearly sufficient for the introduction of VK69 to the market as a new sulphuric acid catalyst. The activity results for different melt compositions were used to optimise the vanadium content and the molar ratios of K/V, Na/V. and Cs/V. However, the choice of Cs/V was not only a question of maximum activity, because of the significant influence of the Cs content on the raw material costs (the price of caesium is 50-100 times the price of potassium on a molar basis). Here, the economic benefits obtained by the sulphuric acid producer by the marginal activity improvement at high Cs content also had to be taken into account. 

Since the U.S. Congress passed Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in October 1994, the landscape of the dietary supplement industry has changed in the United States dramatically. In fact, as early as the late 1980s, the U.S. Pharmacopeia s elected Council of Experts (then known as the USP Committee of Revision) was evoking great interest in the development and establishment of public standards for the multitude of multivitamin and multivitamin-mineral combination products as well other nutritional supplement products marketed in the United States. 

Plain condensed milk or concentrated milk has the same standard of identity in the United States as evaporated milk, except that it is not given additional heat processing after concentration. This product is shipped in bulk containers and is perishable. Technology is available to produce it in a sterile or almost sterile manner, and its extended shelf life gives it a potential, but as yet undeveloped, market as a source of beverage milk. Whole milk can be successfully concentrated up to 45% total solids, and these higher concentrations have found some use in the bulk product market. 

COMPARABLE TO EXISTING. INTERMEDIATE. SUPERIOR TO PRODUCTS MARKET STANDARDS... 

In the first two cases comparative bioequivalence studies with the standard. If no standard is available, the generic product will be compared with both the original product of the innovator and the product marketed in Israel (three-way cross-over). 

Medical Device Amendments required manufacturers with the FDA and follow quality control procedures with some products needing premarket approval and others needing to meet performance standards before marketing. 

Finally, it would be useful for government and businesses alike to ensure that products marketed for terrorism preparedness and response are safe and effective. This would include setting standards for equipment design and performance, developing guidelines for product use, and supplying warning labels. 

In Japan, the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law 1960, as amended, and the Standards for Fair Advertising Practices concerning Medicinal Products define the standards for marketing practices with respect to medicinal products. The Fair Competition Rules were established by the Japan Fair Trade Commission, in accordance with the Law for Preventing Unjustifiable Extra or Unexpected Benefit and Misleading Representation. 

Some of the most popular nutraceutical products marketed today are botanicals such as St. John s wort, echinacea, ginkgo biloba, saw palmetto, and ginseng. Unfortunately, manufacturers are not required to prove their safety or efficacy before marketing them. Dosages are not standardized. The quality of the raw source and the plant parts used are not regulated. And, unlike prescription drugs or over-the-counter medicines, there is no federal quality... 

Active compounds continue to higher level testing where attributes deemed important to successful product marketing are measured and compared with standards. The most attractive compounds are tested in initial field trials from which product development candidates are selected — again based on a knowledge of the relevant markets. 

At present, the PHS has no established mechanism or standards for reviewing the reasonableness of prices for products marketed under exclusive licenses and lacks the legal authority to enforce its policy in cases where prices would be deemed unreasonable. 

In the late 1970 s substrates derived from ultra thin foils of corrosion resistant steels were offered onto the market. The foils could be made from material only 0.05 mm thick allowing high cell densities to be achieved. In their early application they were mounted in locations inside the exhaust manifold but they are now used in other locations as well. Complex internal structures can be developed and wall thickness is down to 0.04 mm and cell densities of 600 cpsi standard production. 

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