Boiling point/range

The current calculation methods are based on the hypothesis that each mixture whose properties are sought can be characterized by a set of pure components and petroleum fractions of a narrow boiling point range and by a composition expressed in mass fractions. 

Naphthenic acids are viscous hquids, with phenohc and sulfur impurities present that are largely responsible for their characteristic odor. Their colors range from pale yeUow to dark amber. An odor develops upon storage of the refined acids. Naphthenic acids have wide boiling point ranges at high temperatures (250—350°C). They are completely soluble in organic solvents and oils but are insoluble (<50 mg/L) in water. Commercial naphthenic acids are available in... 

In refining operations, crude oils are subjected to fractional distillation by which they are separated into different fractions according to the boiling point range of the compounds and their end use or application (see Table 2-39). 

Approximate ASTM boiling point ranges for crude oil fractions... 

Feed characterization is the process of determining the physical and chemical properties of the feed. Two feeds with similar boiling point ranges may exhibit dramatic differences in cracking performance and product yields. 

Common fats (butter, tallow) and oils (olive, palm, and peanut) are mixed esters each molecule has most often three, sometimes two, or, rarely, one kind of acid combined with a single glycerol. There are so many such combinations in a given sample that fats and oils do not have sharp melting or boiling points. Ranges are found instead. 

I he yields and boiling point range given are those reported by... 

Fraction Formulas Boiling Point Range COtlses ... 

Many of the phenols which are used in household and other commercial disinfectant products are produeed from the tar obtained by distillation of coal or more recently petroleum. They are known as the tar acids. These phenols are separated by fractional distillation according to their boiling point range into phenol, cresols, xylenols and high boiling point tar acids. As the boiling point increases the properties of the products alter as shown ... 

Since there is an approxiaate exponential relationship between retention tine and solute boiling point under isotheraal conditions, it is iapossible to establish a suitable tenperature for the analysis of nixtures with a boiling point range exceeding ca. 100 C. This is coaaonly referred to as "the general elution... 

For the purpose of polymer/additive analysis it is useful to rank solvents according to their boiling point ranges into low boilers (b.p. <100°C), medium boilers (b.p. 100-150°C) and high boilers (b.p. >150°C). Based on their evaporation numbers, solvents can be subdivided into four groups high volatility (< 10), moderate volatility (10-35), low volatility (35-50) and very low volatility (>50). 

A company usually sets product standards in such a way as to minimize the purification expenses. These standards are often empirical tests to ensure that the buyer will get the same product in each shipment. Examples would be the melt index of a polymer, the boiling-point range of the product, and the maximum amount of certain impurities. Another manufacturer using a different process would want to set different standards. His method of production will be different, and so the amount and kind of impurities will be different. Sometimes this means expensive purification steps must be installed to meet the specifications set by the initial manufacturer. If this competitor could have been the initial standard-setter then these steps would not be necessaiy. 

Chemists are invited to submit for publication in Organic Syntheses procedures for the preparation of compounds which are of general interest or which illustrate useful synthetic methods. The procedures submitted should represent, as nearly as possible, optimum conditions for the preparations, and should have been checked carefully by the submitter. Full details of all steps in the procedure should be included, and the range of yields should be reported rather than the maximum yield obtainable. The melting point of each solid product should be given, and the boiling-point range and refractive index (at 25°) of each liquid product. The method of preparation or source of the reactants and the criteria for the purity of the products should be stated. 

Major work on zinc chloride catalysts for hydrogenation and hydrocracking of coal has been carried out by Zielke, Gorin, Struck and coworers at Consolidation Coal (now Conoco Coal Development Co.) (1). The emphasis there has been on a full boiling-point range of liquid product, from treatment at temperatures between 385 and 425°C and hydrogen pressures of 140 to 200 bars. 

A petroleum distillate of boiling point range 150-200 °C used as a solvent. See Naphtha. 

Name of fraction Physical state Boiling point range Uses Length of carbon chain... 

It is also an important parameter that establishes the purity of a substance. Depending on the various routes of synthesis available for a substance a boiling point range is usually given in different official compendia. 

There is a considerable quantity of high-boiling material the quantity and boiling-point range are greater when the shaking is insufficient. 

Commercial tetralin with a boiling-point range of 206-209° was used. 

There are several ways to classify or group various petroleum products. Refined oils are sometimes characterized by the approximate boiling-point range, which corresponds with the size (such as the number of carbon atoms) of the petroleum hydrocarbons in the refined oil ... 

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