Licensing procedures

But nuclear energy has problems in the U.S.. Since the 1973 Arab oil boycott there has been a surplus of electrical capacity in the US. and no large base load electrical plants have been ordered. Indeed, some 100 nuclear plants and some 80 coal plants on order were canceled after 1973. The sixty nuclear plants put on the line since 1973 (providing 40% of new electricity capacity) were all ordered before 1973. And because there was no urgent need, bureaucratic licensing procedures and litigious court attacks by anti-nuclear groups have led to construction times of a dozen to twenty years, and uneconomic costs. This compares to the four to six year construction times ofthe U.S. reactors built abroad and indeed to the four to six year construction times in the U.S. priorto 1973. 

Drug Approval and Licensing Procedures in Japan 2001, Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo. 

Another approach would have been to estabhsh licensing procedures for testing laboratories, but developing uniform hcensing criteria would have been very difficult, considering the variety of regulated products, test types, and laboratory facilities. 

Surveillance for veterinary dmg residues in animal products imported into the UK has indicated that the incidences and concentrations of residues in such food are in general similar to those in animals produced on UK farms. However, some reports of surveillance in other countries suggest that this may not always be the case. This may have been due in part to licensing procedures differing from... 

Drug approval and licensing procedures in Japan 1989," Yakugyo Jiho Co. Ltd., Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan. 

The licensing procedure has not been entirely successful. Many apply for a license and then do not use it, thus blocking the intended economic benefit. In addition, there is widespread evidence that materials that... 

Flowchart of Drug Manufacturing/Import Approval and Licensing Procedure... 

There are essentially two types of European licensing procedures ... 

A licensing procedure where lubricant marketers are responsible for product performance and must certify that each viscosity grade of each brand meets requirements. Detailed rules allow for base stock interchange and engine test read across in certain circumstances from one viscosity grade to another. 

Processing records of regular production lots must provide a complete account of the manufacturing history of each lot of a biological preparation, showing that it has been manufactured, tested, dispensed into containers and distributed in accordance with the licensed procedures. 

Most research is carried out either in educational research institutions or in the national research laboratories (mentioned earlier), both of which are structured and operated much like a graduate research facility in an American university. The use of processes developed in these institutions is small compared with the total production in the chemical industry. This is caused, primarily, by the charges for use of the process and by the burdensome licensing procedures involved. Steps recently have been taken to overcome these deficiencies through the formation of advisory boards. 

A concept of an evolutionary reactor is pursued with the joint French / German European Pressurized Water Reactor , EPR, a 1525 MW(e) plant with evolutionary steam generating system and innovative double-walled containment [20]. A three years basic design phase as a prerequisite for the beginning of the licensing procedure was finished in 1997. The characteristic feature is a core catcher to restrict a possible core melt to the power plant itself. The joint effort by Germany ind France, however, finds in both countries a situation where no further base load is required. The EPR, confirmed as a future standard in France, is projected to substitute decommissioned nuclear plants. 

There are currently no comprehensive guidelines or codes for the design and installation of small and medium-sized electrolyzers. Considering future operation mainly by private users, international guidelines for quality criteria, safety requirements, licensing procedures, and testing methods should be implemented [57]. 

Bredimas, T. and W.J. Nuttall (2008) A comparison of international regulatory organizations and licensing procedures for new nuclear power plants , Energy Policy, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 1344-54. 

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