Primary shares

Although a tremendous number of fermentation processes have been researched and developed to various extents, only a couple of hundred ate used commercially. Fermentation industries have continued to expand in terms of the number of new products on the market, the total volume (capacity), and the total sales value of the products. The early 1990s U.S. market for fermentation products was estimated to be in the 9-10 x 10 range. The total world market is probably three times that figure, and antibiotics continue to comprise a primary share of the industry. Other principal product categories are enzymes, several organic acids, baker s yeast, ethanol (qv), vitamins (qv), and steroid hormones (qv). 

For a YPL fluid, due to the presence of a plug zone, the average shear rate (i.e., primary share rate) calculation procedure is complex. However, in the plug zone the shear rate is zero and, therefore, can be neglected. For a power law fluid, Eqn. (19) yields ... 

Table 6 shows the sales estimates for principal film and sheet products for the year 1990 (14). Low density polyethylene films dominate the market in volume, followed by polystyrene and the vinyls. High density polyethylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), and polypropylene are close in market share and complete the primary products. A number of specialty resins are used to produce 25,000—100,000 t of film or sheet, and then there are a large number of high priced, high performance materials that serve niche markets. The original clear film product, ceUophane, has faUen to about 25,000 t in the United States, with only one domestic producer. Table 7 Hsts some of the principal film and sheet material manufacturers in the United States.

Outside of the United States, there are six primary producers in China, France, Mexico, Morocco, South Africa, and Spain. Mines in Newfoundland, Canada, were closed in 1990. Both Mexico and South Africa have lost market share to China which has high grade, low cost fluorspar. China is expected to dominate world markets because reserves are vast and production cost is low. Table 3 (2) shows a Hst of world producers by country of fluorspar in the early 1990s. 

Formaldehyde. Worldwide, the largest amount of formaldehyde (qv) is consumed in the production of urea—formaldehyde resins, the primary end use of which is found in building products such as plywood and particle board (see Amino resins and plastics). The demand for these resins, and consequently methanol, is greatly influenced by housing demand. In the United States, the greatest market share for formaldehyde is again in the constmction industry. However, a fast-growing market for formaldehyde can be found in the production of acetylenic chemicals, which is driven by the demand for 1,4-butanediol and its subsequent downstream product, spandex fibers (see Fibers, elastomeric). 

Group consisting of a primary piece of process equipment together with associated loops, devices, and elements to accomplish an activity usually consists of equipment shared with other equipment... 

The R D function itself will be organized from company to company in very different ways. In some firms, the responsibiUty for innovation will be broadly shared and a distinct R D unit may cease to exist. In others, technical developments from an R D lab will be the principal source of innovation for the business. In still others, the primary task of the R D or technology group will be to obtain technology from outside the firm. Those involved in R D will need to make certain that their knowledge and talents impact the business irrespective of their precise function. The innovation process will become less linear (Fig. 8) as more feedback loops, technology transfer, and cooperative efforts are involved. 

Electrolytic and distillation processes are used to produce primary slab zinc at smelters from ores and concentrates, whereas redistillation is used to recover zinc from secondary zinc materials at both primary and secondary smelters (see Table 13) (64,65). In 1965, neady 60% of the primary slab zinc was manufactured by the distillation process. However, in 1975, electrolytic slab zinc became dominant and by 1996 its share increased to 78%. 

The friction material industry consists of several large organizations having many divisions, as well as more than 60 smaller companies. The primary supphers approximate worldwide market share, trade names, and joint ventures/Hcensees (jv/l) as of mid-1991 were AUied-Signal (21%) Bendix,... 

The primary Cr—O bonded species is cbromium (VT) oxide, CrO, which is better known as chromic acid [1115-74-5], the commercial and common name. This compound also has the aliases chromic trioxide and chromic acid anhydride and shows some similarity to SO. The crystals consist of infinite chains of vertex-shared CrO tetrahedra and are obtained as an orange-red precipitate from the addition of sulfuric acid to the potassium or sodium dichromate(VI). Completely dry CrO is very dark red to red purple, but the compound is deflquescent and even traces of water give the normal mby red color. Cbromium (VT) oxide is a very powerful oxidi2er and contact with oxidi2able organic compounds may cause fires or explosions. 

The division of labor between operations and maintenance is shown in Figure 21-4. It is the primary responsibility of the production department to establish and regulate basic operating conditions, and it is the primary responsibility of the maintenance department to improve defects in design. The other tasks are shared between the two departments. 

Stamm-, parent, original, primary, main, standard. stock, -aktie, /, share of common stock, -ansatz, m. (Dyeing) stock liquor, stock mixture, stock paste. -Mtze, /. (Calico) standard discharge, stock discharge, -baum, m, flow sheet pedigree. 

All of the world s major economies, as well as scores of smaller, low-income nations, rely mainly on hydrocarbons. Crude oil now supplies two-fifths of the world s primary energy (Table 1). There are distinct consumption patterns in the shares of light and hea vy oil products the United States burns more than 40 percent of all its liquid fuels as gasoline, Japan just a fifth and the residual fuel oil accounts for nearly a third of Japanese use, but for less than 3 percent of the U.S. total. Small countries of the Persian Gulf have the highest per capita oil consumption (more than 5 t a year in the United Arab Emirates and in Qatar) the U.S. rate is more than 2.5 t a year European means arc around 1 t China s mean is about 120 kg, and sub-Saharan Africa is well below 100 kg per capita. 

Mendeleev s reluctance toward reduction was not widely shared. One of the codiscoverers of the periodic system, the German Lothar Meyer, accepted the possibility of primary matter and supported Prouf s hypothesis. He was also happy to draw curves through numerical data, including his famous plot of atomic volumes that showed such remarkable periodicity that it helped in the acceptance of the periodic system. Nonetheless, prior to Thomson s discovery of the electron, no accepted model of atomic substructure existed to explain the periodic system, and the matter was still very much in dispute. 

About 78 human genes encoding a variety of K+ channels and auxiliary subunits have been identified (Fig. 1 Table 1). While the K+ channels are diverse, they share with a unique conducting pore highly selective for K+ ions. TheK+ channels ar e tetramers composed of four a subunits that form the conducting pore. On the basis of primary amino acid sequence of a subunit, K+ channels can be classified into three major families (Fig. 2). 

There are a number of major, primary manufacturers of fuel treatments (such as McDermott-Canning, Inc. of the United States and Interplast S.A. of France), as well as many smaller regional producers. Gamlen is a very well known brand, but the group was split up some years ago and several manufacturers and suppliers around the world (including McDermott-Canning) now share the brand name. 

The various stimulants have no obvious chemical relationships and do not share primary neurochemical effects, despite their similar behavioral effects. Cocaines chemical strucmre does not resemble that of caffeine, nicotine, or amphetamine. Cocaine binds to the dopamine reuptake transporter in the central nervous system, effectively inhibiting dopamine reuptake. It has similar effects on the transporters that mediate norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. As discussed later in this chapter in the section on neurochemical actions mediating stimulant reward, dopamine is very important in the reward system of the brain the increase of dopamine associated with use of cocaine probably accounts for the high dependence potential of the drug. 

There are known to be three opioid receptors, designated p, k, and 8, and these receptors share a high degree of amino acid sequence homology. The p-opioid receptor (MOR) is the primary receptor, which is activated by the nonselective... 

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