Primary matter

Urstoff, m. primary matter (formerly) ele ment initial material, -lehre,/. the theory of a primary matter of which the elements are composed atomism, atomic theory. 

To understand how the electron has been applied to explanations of the periodic table we must start with the discovery of the periodic system itself. The Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev announced in 1869 that the properties of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic weight appeared to repeat after certain definite intervals. Yet even as this discovery became increasingly well established, Mendeleev remained strongly opposed to any attempt to reduce or explain the periodicity in terms of atomic structure. He resisted the notion of any form of primary matter, which was actively discussed by his contemporaries, and opposed... 

Mendeleev s reluctance toward reduction was not widely shared. One of the codiscoverers of the periodic system, the German Lothar Meyer, accepted the possibility of primary matter and supported Prouf s hypothesis. He was also happy to draw curves through numerical data, including his famous plot of atomic volumes that showed such remarkable periodicity that it helped in the acceptance of the periodic system. Nonetheless, prior to Thomson s discovery of the electron, no accepted model of atomic substructure existed to explain the periodic system, and the matter was still very much in dispute. 

Elements. By organizing the elements as he did. Mendeleev took a stand on the centuries-old question of the philosophical status of the elements. Unlike some of his contemporaries, Mendeleev reacted tire suggestion that the periodic system implied the existence of any form of primary matter of which all the... 

Isotopes. Toward the end of Mendeleev s life a growing body of evidence began to challenge his conception of the nature of tiie elements. Several revolutionary discoveries in physics showed that atoms were, in fact, reducible and that there was a sense in which all elements are composed of the same primary matter protons, neutrons, and electrons. Most alarmingly, there was even evidence to suggest that certain elements could be transformed into others through radioactivity. 

I mention only the principal operations, because there are many others. The matter does not spend long on the fire before it demonstrates a considerable change. Ripleus says that after having seen an infinity of different colors in the primary matter one sees it become white like the snow, then afterward a beautiful citrine, and finally it becomes the color of the red poppy. 

Aristotle insisted that the primary matter was not an addition to the elements it was not corporeal as they were, but neither was it separable from them The primary matter itself only existed potentially... 

B., Thacker R., and Vilcsek E. (1977) On the chemistry of lunar samples and achondrites. Primary matter in the lunar highlands a re-evaluation. Proc. 8th Lunar Sci. Conf 2191-2213. 

The more I have thought about the nature of the chemical elements, the more decidedly I have turned away from the classical notion of a primary matter, and from the hope of attaining the desired end by a study of electrical and optical phenomena. (Mendeleev, 1905, vol. 1, p. XIV)... 

Mendeleev, the creator of the periodic system of the elements, drew the philosophical distinction between basic substances (abstract elements) and simple substances. Therefore, he cannot be accused of having acted as a naive realist. However, having arrived at the periodic classification by giving emphasis to abstract elements, he resisted the prevalent reductionist tendency of supposing the existence of a primary matter. He considered the elements as distinct individuals and adopted an intermediate position between realism and reduction. 

Actually some chemical activities as refineries are not so variable on the point of view of wastewater quality because of the large quantities of primary matter and products (Fig. 2). Near units, the UV spectrum shape often shows peaks due to the presence of additives used in the process, acting as revelatory of the organic pollution load [3], Without these compounds and considering that saturated organic compounds do not absorb, it would be difficult to use the UV signal for wastewater quality control. However, a nonparametric measurement (NPM) based on comparison of the UV absorption spectra can be used for the characterisation of wastewater quality variability [4], Obviously, as far as wastewater... 

If he should fail to reduce Each to its primary matter. If not,... 

Hermetic terminology uses words and expressions which do not have direct correspondence w ith the ir equ ivalents in the profane Ian guage. Tt is ind is pen sable to define what one u nderstands by essential words wh ich are the n ames of the constitutive elements of Primary Matter and of its evolution toward s the u Itimate state Gold symbol of perfection at the heart of the metallic life. 

The pharmacology of centrally active antitussive drugs is a multifactorial topic that involves not only pharmacological and pharmacokinetic issues but neurophysiology as well. This review will focus on three primary matters related to the brainstem actions of these drugs (1) location of action, (2) identity of neurones affected by the drugs, (3) receptor specificity. There are other informative reviews available (Reynolds et al. 2004). 

The primary matter of man and the primary matter of the great world are one and the same thing. But this primary matter of the world and of man is a Crystalline Water of which Holy Writ says "Before God created Heaven and Earth, the Spirit of the Lord brooded over the waters." This water became a primary matter of both. But where remains the Spirit of the Lord, which brooded over the waters, after the two worlds, i.e. heaven and earth, and man had been created from the same I reply, in the primary matter of man and of the world, God who is Perfection, has wished to dwell in Man. But here the following question might be put how did man know—since the... 

Before the sixth century B.C., air was identified as emptiness. Greek natural philosophers assigned air and water beside earth and fire to the four elements (in Latin, materia prima, primary matter). Thales of Miletus (624-546 B.C.) was the first... 

Before the modern model of the atom evolved, the concept of an element had been purely speculative. One of the definitions of an element belongs to Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers of antiquity, who wrote Elements are simple substances of which the universe is composed and one of which cannot be separated into the other. Aristotle held that there is one primary matter and four fundamental qualities heat and coldness, dryness and wetness. Their combinations are material elements fire, water, air, and earth. According to Aristotle, all bodies are composed of these elements. Aristotle s teaching was the theoretical foundation of al-... 

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