Primary batteries performance characteristics

Linden D, McDonald B (1980) The lithium—sulfur dioxide primary battery — its characteristics, performance and applications. J Power Sources 5 35, Elsevier Sequoia, Lausanne... 

D. Linden and B. McDonald, The Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Primary Battery—Its Characteristics, Performance and Applications, J. Power Sources 5 35 (1980), Elsevier Sequoia, Lausanne, Switzerland. 

Aerospace Applications for Primary Batteries, Table 1 Performance characteristics of aerospace primary battery systems ... 

Lithium Primary Cells, Liquid Cathodes, Fig. 10 Performance characteristics of Li/SOCh with BrCl additive. D-size batteries. Discharge characteristics at 20 °C [6]... 

Model-based predictions of battery performance and longevity are required to provide depletion indicators for batteries such as RRT (recommended replacement time), typically based on discharge voltage or resistance, to allow patients to schedule a replacement surgery before batteries reach EOS (end of service). Electrical characteristics of primary batteries used in medical applications have been modeled in a variety of ways including empirically or thermodynamics-based voltage curve models [16,17], equivalent circuit models [18,19], resistance models [11,20], and more recently physics-based comprehensive models [17, 21-23] that can be used to predict pulse performance [24],... 

Primary Batteries, Comparative Performance Characteristics, Tabie 1 Typical characteristics and applications of the most common types of primary batteries ... 

Low-Power Batteries and Their Applications 335 Table 8.3 Performance Characteristics of Primary Lithium-Based Batteries... 

Important performance characteristics of primary lithium batteries are briefly summarized in Table 8.3. 

FIGURE 6.2 Performance characteristics of primary (P) and secondary (S) batteries on a volumetric basis, 20°C. 

Increases in the energy density of primary hatteries has tapered off during the past decade as the existing battery systems have matured and the development of new higher energy batteries is limited by the lack of new and/or untried battery materials and chemistries. Nevertheless, advances have been made in other important performance characteristics, such as power density, shelf life and safety. Examples of these recent developments are the high power zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide batteries for portable consumer electronics, the improvement of the zinc/air battery and the introduction of new lithium batteries. 

Zinc-Carbon Battery. The Leclanche or zinc-carbon dry cell battery has existed for over 100 years and had been the most widely used of all the dry cell batteries because of its low cost, relatively good performance, and ready availability. Cells and batteries of many sizes and characteristics have been manufactured to meet the requirements of a wide variety of applications. Significant improvements in capacity and shelf life were made with this battery system in the period between 1945 and 1965 through the use of new materials (such as beneficiated manganese dioxide and zinc chloride electrolyte) and cell designs (such as the paper-lined cell). The low cost of the Leclanchd battery is a major attraction, but it has lost considerable market share, except in the developing countries, because of the newer primary batteries with superior performance characteristics. 

COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY BATTERY SYSTEMS... 

The characteristics of the major primary batteries are summarized in Table 7.3. This table is supplemented by Table 1.2 in Chap. 1, which lists the theoretical and practical electrical characteristics of these primary battery systems. A graphic comparison of the theoretical and practical performance of various battery systems given in Fig. 1.4 shows that only about 25% of the theoretical capacity is attained under practical conditions as a result of design and discharge requirements. 

FIGURE 10.22 Performance characteristics of premium zinc/alkaUne/ manganese dioxide primary batteries AA-size at 20°C. (a) Discharge characteristics at various power drains, (b) Discharge characteristics at various current drains. 

Lithium primary batteries, with their outstanding performance and characteristics, are being used in increasing quantities in a variety of applications, including cameras, memory backup circuits, security devices, calculators, watches, etc. Nevertheless, Uthium primary batteries have not attained a major share of the market as was anticipated, because of their high initial cost, concerns with safety, the advances made with competitive systems and the cost-effectiveness of the alkaline/manganese battery. World-wide sales of Uthium primary batteries for 1999 have been estimated at 1.1 billion. ... 

A listing of the major lithium primary batteries now in production or advanced development and a summary of their constmctional features, key electrical characteristics, and available sizes are presented in Table 14.6. The types of batteries, their sizes, and some characteristics are subject to change depending on design, standardization, and market development. Manufacturers data should be obtained for specific characteristics. The performance characteristics of these systems, under theoretical conditions, are given in Table 14.4. Comparisons of the performance of the lithium batteries with comparably sized conventional primary batteries are covered in Secs. 6.4 and 7.3. Detailed characteristics of some of these batteries are covered in Secs. 14.5 to 14.12. 

The lithium/sulfur dioxide (Li/S02) battery is the most advanced of these lithium primary batteries. These batteries are typically manufactured in cylindrical configurations in capacities up to about 35 Ah. They are noted for their high specific power (about the highest of the lithium primary batteries, high energy density, and good low-temperature performance. They are used in military and specialized industrial, space and commercial applications where these performance characteristics are required. 

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