Voltage discharge

The emission yield, Ra, defined as the radiation of the spectral line, k, of an element, i, emitted per unit sputtered mass must be determined independently for each spectral line. The quantities g, and Ry are derived from a variety of different standard bulk samples with different sputtering rates. In practice, both sputtering rates and excitation probability are influenced by the working conditions of the discharge. Systematic variation of the discharge voltage, L/g, and current, I, leads to the empirical intensity expression [4.185] ... 

The discharge voltage of nickel-metal hydride batteries is almost the same as that of nickel-cadmium batteries. 

Sometimes two discharge voltage plateaus are seen on nickel oxide electrodes. Early observations are documented in previous reviews [2, 9]. Normally, nickel oxide electrodes have a voltage plateau on discharge in the potential range of 0.25-0.35V vs. Hg/HgO. The second plateau, which in some cases can account for up to 50% of the capacity, occurs at -0.1 to - 0.6 V. At present there is a general consensus that this second plateau is not due to the presence of a new, less-active, compound [91-94]. Five interfaces have been identified for a discharging NiOOH electrode [93]. These are... 

Wang et al. [96] constructed a Na/S battery with a sodium metal anode, liquid electrolyte, and a sulfur (dispersed in polyacrylonitrile) composite cathode and tested its electrochemical characteristics at room temperature. The charge/discharge curves indicated that sodium could reversibly react with the composite cathode at room temperature. Average charge and discharge voltage was 1.8 and 1.4 V, respectively. Similar to lithium batteries, dendrite formation was noted as a critical problem for these cells. 

OCV and Discharge Voltage The OCV, of a galvanic cell depends on the electrochemical system selected for it and is somewhat affected by the electrolyte... 

The fnnctional dependence of the discharge voltage, on discharge current is sometimes represented by a simplified linear eqnation,... 

Battery characteristics depend strongly on the operating temperature. As a rule, both the discharge voltage and the reactant utilization coefficient are lower at lower temperatures. On the other hand, increased temperatures are conducive to side reactions (such as corrosion processes) and thus reduce battery efficiency. Therefore, each battery type is designed for a specific temperature range within which its characteristics will be within the prescribed limits. 

Dependence of cell voltage U on current density (Figure 2) also is expressed by equation U = 1.5-0.25 lgj. The discharge voltage at a current density of 20 mA/cm2 increases in the beginning and after that changes only a little (Figure 3). 

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