Performance in Practice

The sohd can be contacted with the solvent in a number of different ways but traditionally that part of the solvent retained by the sohd is referred to as the underflow or holdup, whereas the sohd-free solute-laden solvent separated from the sohd after extraction is called the overflow. The holdup of bound hquor plays a vital role in the estimation of separation performance. In practice both static and dynamic holdup are measured in a process study, other parameters of importance being the relationship of holdup to drainage time and percolation rate. The results of such studies permit conclusions to be drawn about the feasibihty of extraction by percolation, the holdup of different bed heights of material prepared for extraction, and the relationship between solute content of the hquor and holdup. If the percolation rate is very low (in the case of oilseeds a minimum percolation rate of 3 x 10 m/s is normally required), extraction by immersion may be more effective. Percolation rate measurements and the methods of utilizing the data have been reported (8,9) these indicate that the effect of solute concentration on holdup plays an important part in determining the solute concentration in the hquor leaving the extractor. 

For exterior hoods, the measurement of capture velocity provides a quick check of the ideal design conditions. However, it must be remembered that capture velocity is not a direct measure of the ability of an exterior hood to provide personnel protection. Other efficiency measures are required in order to evaluate its performance in practice. The following two efficiency measurements could be useful capture efficiency and occupational hygiene efficiency. These measures complement each other. 

Eq. 16 is an extremely useful criterion for examining the extent of dipolar interaction in a multispin system, and gives the relaxation method a major advantage over the n.O.e. method. The equivalent quantitative test for the n.O.e. experiment requires all but the receptor nucleus to be saturated and this is not readily performed in practice. 

I day for diagnosis unless unequivocal symptoms of hyperglycemia exist, such as polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. The ADA recommends FPG determination as the principal tool for diagnosis of DM in non-pregnant adults owing to ease of use, acceptability to patients, and lower cost.7 While the OGTT is more sensitive and modestly more specific than FPG determination, it is difficult to reproduce the results and is rarely performed in practice today. 

On the basis of this and in connection with the electrode performance in practical applications, a more detailed classification of electrodes can be given (see page 7). 

Figure 9.6. Fanning-out of an equatorial streak in a fiber pattern caused from misorienta-tion. Dashed arcs indicate azimuthal scans that are performed in practical measurements. The recorded scattering curves are used to separate the effects of misorientation and extension of the structural entities... 

The performance of the BioCD under assay conditions has been tested using several gold standard systems. These are assays of anti-rabbit and anti-mouse IgG systems, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and haptoglobin. Incubations have been performed under equilibrium conditions without transport limitation, and also under transient conditions as ambient assays that are diffusion limited. Ambient assays are performed in practice, while equilibrium assays provide more information about the performance of the antibodies and provides a quantitative estimate for equilibrium dissociation constants. 

The way that the stripping analysis is performed in practice is much more sophisticated. After the solution has been exhausted, all of the copper (as Cu (Hg) amalgam) resides on the surface of the mercury drop. The potential of the drop is changed from cathodic to anodic (we say that we have stepped the potential), and the copper is all oxidized back to Cu and the charge determined - as oxidation-The potential chosen should be more positive than E for the analyte couple by at least 0.2 V. 

One-dimensional spectra obtained in these experiments can be compared to ID traces of nD NMR spectra but offering much better digital resolution and shorter acquisition times. On the negative side each trace needs to be acquired separately and thus, if several sites are to be inspected, a series of ID experiments must be performed. In practice, this exercise is preceded by careful inspection of standard two-dimensional COSY, TOCSY, NOESY or ROESY spectra and only the ambiguous assignments are tackled by combined ID techniques. 

A polymer blend is created when two miscible polymers are mixed together. As in the case of composites, the impetus for creating polymer blends is to combine attributes of the two polymers to create a new material with improved performance. In practice, this is difficult with polymer-polymer solutions, since most common polymers do not mix well with one another to form homogeneous, one-phase solutions. 

Although ANNs can, in theory, model any relation between predictors and predictands, it was found that common regression methods such as PLS can outperform ANN solutions when linear or slightly nonlinear problems are considered [1-5]. In fact, although ANNs can model linear relationships, they require a long training time since a nonlinear technique is applied to linear data. Despite, ideally, for a perfectly linear and noise-free data set, the ANN performance tends asymptotically towards the linear model performance, in practical situations ANNs can reach a performance qualitatively similar to that of linear methods. Therefore, it seems not too reasonable to apply them before simpler alternatives have been considered. 

Numerous algorithms have been proposed for color constancy. We now describe in detail how these algorithms work. We also see how the algorithms perform in practice. The performance of the algorithms will be shown on two sample images. One image shows a scene with a uniform illumination and the other shows a scene with a nonuniform illumination. 

The water-free acrylonitrile is obtained as bottoms in the column C-4. Water leaves in top as a binary azeotrope, followed by decantation and reflux of organic phase. The water phase also removes some light impurities. The final product meets closely the specifications indicated in Table 11.1. Since heavy impurities inevitably appear, a final vacuum distillation of acrylonitrile is performed in practice before shipping. 

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