Practical condition

Under practical conditions this can be measured/visualized by the difference in the detection of wire IQI s. The published results (e.g. [2,3,4]) show a difiference of approximately 1 - 2 wires below 10 mm of steel thickness and 1 wire above in favour of Selenium. 

Sorbic acid is not only suitable for preservation of feedstuffs but also improves the feed utilisation and weight gain of chickens. This has proven to be of economic value under practical conditions when sorbic acid is added to the feed at 0.02—0.04 wt % (143—145). Similar effects have been observed for the use of sorbic acid in swine feeds (146). 

Available Chlorine Test. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test is a practical-type test. It is called a capacity test. Under practical conditions of use, a container of disinfectant might receive many soiled, contaminated instniments or other items to be disinfected. Eventually, the capacity of the disinfectant to serve its function would be overloaded due to reaction with the accumulated organic matter and organisms. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test compares the load of a culture of bacteria that a concentration of a disinfectant will absorb and still kill bacteria, as compared to standard concentrations of sodium hypochlorite tested similarly. In the test, 10 successive additions of the test culture are added to each of 3 concentrations of the hypochlorite. One min after each addition a sample is transferred to the subculture medium and the next addition is made 1.5 min after the previous one. The disinfectant is then evaluated in a manner similar to the phenol coefficient test. For equivalence, the disinfectant must yield the same number of negative tubes as one of the chlorine standards. 

Since conductivity is highly sensitive to sample purity and temperature, group demarcations can be given only to within an order of magnitude. It should always be considered that conductivity under practical conditions... 

It has played a dual role, one in Equation 2.18 on specific heat ratio and the other as an isentropic exponent in Equation 2.53. In the previous calculation of the speed of sound. Equation 2.32, the k assumes the singular specific heat ratio value, such as at compressor suction conditions. When a non-perfect gas is being compressed from point 1 to point 2, as in the head Equation 2.66, k at 2 will not necessarily be the same as k at 1. Fortunately, in many practical conditions, the k doesn t change very... 

It remains to be determined whether the previous experiments , which have been interpreted as confirming the cathodic protection of aluminium by zinc, can be truly interpreted in this fashion or whether they are due to the accumulation of Zn in the electrolyte. Under laboratory conditions, and under some practical conditions in stagnant solutions or in recirculating systems, the latter explanation is quite likely. 

Nature of the metal surface Clean, smooth, metal surfaces usually require a lower concentration of inhibitor for protection than do rough or dirty surfaces. Relative figures for minimum concentrations of benzoate, chromate and nitrite necessary to inhibit the corrosion of mild steel with various types of surface finish have been given in a recent laboratory studyThese results show that benzoate effectiveness is particularly susceptible to surface preparation. It is unwise, therefore, to apply results obtained in laboratory studies with one type of metal surface preparation to other surfaces in practical conditions. The presence of oil, grease or corrosion products on metal surfaces will also affect the concentration of inhibitor required with the... 

Vibratory test apparatuses are relatively cheap to build and run, and have low power consumption, while flow rigs are bulky, expensive to build and run, and have high power consumptions but have the advantage that they simulate more closely practical conditions of hydrodynamic cavitation. On the other hand, the damage rate is higher in the vibratory tests than in the... 

The potential usefulness of x-ray emission spectrography for trace analysis is implicit in the results of approximate calculations presented in Chapter 4. Thus, it was estimated that the intensity of cobalt Ka generated under practicable conditions in a monolayer (area, 1 sq cm) of cobalt atoms might give 133 counts per second (4.16). Such a sample weighs 0.2 pg. 

In the Trauzl-block test the expl is loaded into a Pb block at a loading d near 1.0g/cc and stemmed or sealed in with a screw cap. Theoretically these measurements should correlate well with practical conditions because initial and final states in the measurement and in practice should be similar. Unfortunately the Trauzl method is not very reproducible (in part because of rupture of portions of the block by reflected shocks). Consequently no further discussion of the Trauzl-block measurements will be made in this article. Interested readers are referred to Vol 2, B266—95 and Ref 5 for Trauzl block data for many expls... 

The quality specification of alkylbenzenes is dependent upon the desired performances of the product, which can only be tested under practical conditions. 

Under practical conditions, chemical reactions almost always produce smaller amounts of products than the amounts predicted by stoichiometric analysis. There are three major reasons for this. 

A second approach is to assume that the drop surface approaching the electrode is a moving plane. This is appropriate, since the diffusion layer is almost always considerably smaller than the size of the drop, for most of its lifetime under practical conditions. To a good approximation, the convective effect close to the moving front is then calculated based on velocities which are twice those determined from Eq. (23), in order to account for the moving center of the drop. The convective-diffusion equation which describes this case is given by... 

The excess [e] does not change over the course of the reaction, provided that the density does not change appreciably. The excess [e] can be large, small, positive or negative. However, under practical conditions of practical synthetic experiments, [e] is usually small, and both concentrations [5] and [6] change over the course of the reaction in the manner dictated by eq. (6). Thus at any point in time we know the values of both even by measuring only one. 

Resistance to sass transfer in both the stationary and mobile phase prevents the existence of an instantaneous eguilibriuB. Under sost practical conditions this is the dosinant cause of band broadening. 

These tests not only represent different techniques, but also supply some basic information regarding the use of the insecticides under practical conditions. Because they are screening tests, it is desirable to use insects that are commonly employed by many different laboratories, in order to give a comparative evaluation of the materials. This pro-... 

When a given material has been demonstrated by screening techniques to have potential value as an insecticide, there then arises the still broader question of how to evaluate its usefulness for specific applications under practical conditions. Then this information must be extended by development of suitable commercial formulations, with due regard to their effectiveness and safety in the hands of the average user, who is the ultimate link in the efficient use of insecticides. 

The somewhat unexpected inertness of dieldrin toward mineral acids has great practical significance despite its structure it remains, under practical conditions of use, insec-ticidally active under both acidic and alkaline conditions. 

Various other classes of catalysts have been investigated for NH3-SCR, in particular, metal-containing clays and layered materials [43 15] supported on active carbon [46] and micro- and meso-porous materials [31b,47,48], the latter also especially investigated for HC-SCR [25,3lb,48-53], However, while for NH3-SCR, either for stationary or mobile applications, the performances under practical conditions of alternative catalysts to V-W-oxides supported on titania do not justify their commercial use if not for special cases, the identification of a suitable catalyst, or combination of catalysts, for HC-SCR is still a matter of question. In general terms, supported noble metals are preferable for their low-temperature activity, centred typically 200°C. As commented before, low-temperature activity is a critical issue. However, supported noble metals have a quite limited temperature window of operation. 

At higher reaction temperatures (>300°C), micro- or meso-porous materials and/or oxides containing transition metals are preferable. The performances are considerably dependent on the type of reductant, besides the characteristics of the catalyst and the type of transition metal. Although all possible combinations have been explored, including the usage of high-throughput methods, identification of a suitable catalyst formulation active in HC-SCR under practical conditions, especially to decrease by more than... 

We therefore began our own studies by devoting particular attention to reactions with water. We carried out comparative measurements of the water vapor and oxygen permeability of binder films. The result we obtained was that the permeability of water through pigmented binders under practical conditions is on average 103 greater (calculated on the number of mols) than that of 02- (Tab. I)... 

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