Premises floors

Floor heating in industrial premises usually means hot-water pipes placed inside the concrete floor. (Electric coils or electric sheets are also used in non-industrial premises this is, however, not treated here.) Figure 8.60 shows a typical installation of heatpipes inside the floor. Note that the pipes are placed relatively deep down inside the concrete to help even out the surface temperature. 

Refrain from assembling incomplete models and uncertain coefficients into a spectacular theoretical framework without thoroughly testing the premises. Definitive answers so produced all too easily take on a life of their own as they are wafted through top floor corridors. 

The first control of plague through the use of DDT was accomplished by the U. S. Army in Dakar in November and December 1944 and in Casablanca in July 1945 (8). The outbreak in Dakar had been active since April 20, 1944, and its complete control was apparently almost entirely due to the universal application of DDT in the native quarters to persons, beds, floors, walls, and premises generally. Following this experience, DDT was used more promptly in Casablanca. Macchiavello (13,14) considers, on the basis of his experience in Peru, that the use of DDT followed by the use of 1080 (sodium fluoroace-tate) may be the method of choice in the control of epidemics of bubonic plague. Pollock (20) using DDT alone successfully controlled an epidemic of plague in Haifa in July 1947. 

Community pharmacies should be easily accessible to the public and maintained in a clean condition. Walls, floors, ceilings and windows must be kept clean and surfaces should be impervious and easily wiped. The premises should have a clear area set aside for the preparation and compounding of medicinal products and diagnostic testing, and all pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical waste and expired or deteriorated items should be segregated in a separate area. When the pharmacy is closed, the shop window may be totally closed off with aluminium shutters for security purposes. 

When manufacturing chlorate explosives, it is of extreme importance to observe the safety code which demands the highest possible purity, the removal of all chlorate dust settling on furniture, clothes etc. The workers foot-wear should be wooden soled, since nails in soles not infrequently cause accidents. The floor in the premises should be covered with linoleum or magnesia cement. 

The future of battery driven vehicles for specialized purposes, such as the electric locomotives using during construction of the Channel Tunnel which used 100 kWh batteries, or the floor sweepers/scrubbers now used in airport terminals, industrial premises and railway stations, is assured. What is of much greater significance is the future of EVs in the general automobile industry which currently has a turnover of some 500 billion. 

Cleanliness is especially necessary in the case of the yeast and fermenting tubs, where the intrusion of these organisms will cause serious trouble. The walls of the distillery should be kept free from mold by an occasional coat of whitewash. The floors should be flooded daily, and the sewer connections must be adequate to remove the water and other wastes from the premises. 

Those physical aspects of the premises that could affect the quality and safety of products. Buildings should be so designed and constructed as to prevent the entry of animals and insects interior surface (walls, floors and ceilings) should be smooth and free from cracks and open joints, should not shed particulate matter, and should permit easy cleaning and if necessary disinfection. 

The surfaces of the production premises, i.e. the walls, floors and ceilings, shall be as smooth as possible and free from cracks. Consequently, they shall propagate few particles and shall be easy to clean, and if necessary, to disinfect. 

H. In the drug manufacturing premises, production of insecticides and agricultural drugs should be carried out in separate buildings and the production of cosmetics in different floors. 

Manually operated alarm call points should be provided in all parts of a building where people may be present, and should be located so that no one need walk for more than 30 m firom any position within the premises in order to give an alarm. A breakglass manual call point is shown in Fig. 14.49. They should be located on exit routes and, in particular, on the floor landings of staircases and exits to the street. They should be fixed at a height of 1.4 m above the floor at easily accessible, well illuminated and conspicuous positions. 

What should be attended to in the assessment of the DS In premises intended for sterile and aseptic preparations (clean rooms) the most severe requirements apply to the walls, doors, floors, ceilings, heating and furniture, see further subsections. Premises which are only intended for non-sterile preparations can do with less far-reaching demands. Nevertheless in practice it might be wise to apply the requirements for sterile premises also for non-sterile premises if both are at stake. In the first place in a new building the itemisation of methods and materials between premises meant for sterile preparation and for non-sterile preparation usually doesn t yield much cost reduction. Additionally many of the starting points for the requirements for sterile preparations more or less apply to non-sterile . 

The choice for floor covering materials depends on the kind of activities. As an example, in a preparation room where iodine or organic solvents will be processed, the floor should be chemically resistant in the first place. When processing inflammable products the generation of sparks due to static electricity has to be prevented. For aseptic handling chemical resistance of course is much less important. The primary emphasis for a floor in a premise for handling radiopharmaceuticals or other very hazardous substances, is on suitability for thorough and effective decontamination and disinfectirm. 

The ratios apply to accidents both of the same kind and involving the same person. Think about it. The premise lacks plausibility on its face. Consider this example. A worker reports to a construction job, takes the hoist to the tenth floor, and within minutes backs into an unguarded floor opening and falls to his death. For how many types of accidents occurring to the same person will the odds be 10 out of 11 that no injury occurs (Heinrich makes it clear in his fourth edition of Industrial Accident Prevention that the ratios pertain to accidents, and not unsafe acts.)... 

Premises, including furniture, furnishings and fittings, shall be kept clean (s. 4). Dirt and refuse should not be allowed to accumulate, with floors and stairs cleaned at least once a week. 

The employer is under a duty at common law to provide a reasonably safe place of work, relating to such matters as the provision of gangways clearly marked and free of obstruction, and the maintenance of floors and staircases. The duty is fulfilled through regular inspection of the workplace and keeping it in a safe state, free of hazard so far as reasonably practicable. It does not extend to protection from abnormal hazards which the employer could not reasonably have foreseen. For example, whilst in conditions of ice and snow, paths must as far as possible be sanded before the normal time for employees to arrive at the premises, if there is a sudden totally unexpected snowfall, the employer is not liable if paths are slippery or obstructed until he has had reasonable opportunity to remedy the situation. 

Alarms may be initiated manually or automatically. Manually initiated alarms may be manually operated, such as bells and gongs, which are only suitable for use in small low-risk premises. Electrically operated alarms are to be preferred and should be considered as standard wherever possible. Alarm points should be fitted 1.4 m above floor level and at intervals such that no person need travel more than 30 m to reach one. Normally the alarm will be an audible bell, siren or hooter but it could be a distinctive sound or message over a public address system or, in some places frequented by the public, it could be an alarm which is recognised only by suitably trained staff who then pass a message to the public. 

Outlines the basic requirements for hygiene facilities cleanliness of premises condition of floors and gangways provision of warning signs adequate lighting, heating and welfare facilities. 

Third, calculation of the cell floor thickness We shall consider heat transfer through the floor of the cell and assume that air circulates below the floor by natural convection, as is true in modem aluminum plants. Starting from the premise that 14% of the total heat is transferred through the floor (this corresponds approximately to the situation in practice), the heat flow will be ... 

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