Decontamination effect

Testing for decontamination effectiveness, which might include analysis of the decontamination fluid along with visual inspections of personnel, equipment, and fluids... 

M256-Series Chemical Agent Detector Kit A kit used by military personnel to detect and identify field concentrations of nerve, blister or blood agent vapors. The kit consists of twelve samplers/detectors and a packet of M8 detector paper. It is used at the squad, crew or section level to detect and identify field concentrations of nerve, blister or blood agents vapors. It is usually used to determine when it is safe to unmask, to locate and identify chemical hazards, and to monitor decontamination effectiveness. 

Measuring the IR spectra of liquid chemicals is relatively simple, if commercial KBr windows for liquid cells are available. These windows can be reused if cleaned and decontaminated effectively. Decontamination solution containing... 

Owing to the poor warning properties of the gas to the human senses, automatic continuous monitors equipped with alarm systems are recommended [36,1486,1893], and a detailed specification for such devices has been provided [1484]. Skin and eye contact with phosgene should be avoided, but contaminated clothing should be removed immediately and decontamination effected by washing. Emergency showers should be provided [1893] in any facility in which phosgene is stored, used or manufactured. 

Flocculation. Flocculation is the least costly procedure to concentrate non-hlgh-level waste. The principles are unspecific adsorption of radionuclides on a carrier, such as Fej 03(07) or calcium phosphate, or cocrystallization with a suitable crystalline precipitate, such as strontium with CaCOa. The sludge has to be collected by settling or filtering and is handled as the radioactive waste concentrate. This technique, because of its rather poor decontamination effect, is suitable only for LLW. Usually, the concentrate has a high water content. 

Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E., Malato, S., and Blanco, J., 1996, Large solar plant photocatalytic water decontamination effect of operational parameters. Solar Energy, 56(5) 421-428. 

General Dynamics (now ChemRing) has produced handheld detectors for CWAs based on DMS called JUNO. The technology is claimed to be better than the traditional (linear field drift tube) IMS devices with regard to selectivity and sensitivity. JUNO can be used with a preconcentrator and detect CWAs at miosis levels and enables users to monitor personal chemical agent exposure levels and confirm decontamination effectiveness. 

The fundamental and self-evident requirement is that the practical application of a decontamination process has to show a decontamination effectiveness sufficiently high for the specific purpose in general, this means that a decontamination factor greater than 10 should be achieved (in some cases, however, reduction of the radiation dose rates by a factor of more than 2 means an appreciable success). Consequently, the decontamination process to be applied has to be chosen to suit the nature of the contaminating matter to be removed. However, in different reactor plants and, moreover, in different regions of a plant the radioactive corrosion product oxides can be of a quite different nature. In systems which during plant... 

The decontamination effectiveness of these non-chemical procedures varies greatly depending on the specific technique and installations applied. Usually they are applied for the decontamination of limited and well-defined areas, such as the end regions of the main coolant pipes in steam generator replacement actions. The application of abrasive methods often suffers from the hazard of surface damaging of the materials, so that rapid recontamination of the decontaminated areas during... 

In the Dilute Chemical Decontamination (DCD) process developed by Westing-house, a solution of citric acid, oxalic acid, EDTA and an inhibitor is applied, resulting in decontamination factors on the order of 10, as was determined in laboratory studies higher efficiencies were obtained when a pre-oxidation step was included (Murray et al., 1985). In order to improve the decontamination effectiveness, it was proposed that the spent solution be circulated over a porous DC electrode where dissolved ions are reduced. The Fe " ion generated in this manner is assumed to attack the contamination layer in a one-electron reaction, thus accelerating the dissolution of the oxides (Murray and Snyder, 1985). However, this process seems not yet to have been applied to operating light water reactor plants. 

Speranzini, R. A. (Decontamination effectiveness of mixtures of citric acid, oxalic acid and EDTA. Proc. 5. BNES Conf. Water Chemistry of Nuclear Reactor Systems, Boumemuth, UK, 1989, Vol. 1, p. 319-320... 

Key words Amino acids. Catalytic oxidation under ambient conditions, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, Co-catalysis by copper. Decontamination, Effect of ligands, Gold complexes. Mustard gas, Perfluorinated solvents. Solvent effect. Sulfoxide, Thioether... 

Controlled sudden decompression , developed by French researchers in the 2000s, based on a similar principle, but with a lighter heating (100-165 °C) and a sudden decompression under vacuum (Louka and Allaf, 2004 Louka et al, 2004). The process is applicable to very thermosensible foods (raspberry, kiwi fruit, etc.) it allows one to obtain dried product of a quality similar to freeze-dried products, at lower cost and with a decontamination effect. 

Hydrothermal processes lead to a large reduction of residue levels, which is associated not only with volatile substances that vaporise with water vapour, but also with elevated temperatures that accelerate the hydrolysis of pesticides. For example, the loss of malathione can reach almost 100% in cooked spinach and 92% in cooked rice, while cooking tomatoes contaminated with carbaryl can decrease the pesticide concentration to 31%, and cooking meat contaminated with organophosphate insecticides similarly has a decontaminating effect. 

Great combination effects of such compounds had been hoped for, but this seems only to be the case for drug-analogous crown compounds with strong antiulcer-ogenic effects against histamine-induced ulcers [287,288]. Decontaminating effects of crown compounds in heavy metal intoxication have also been reported [289]. 

An anaerobic condition was unsuccessful for cesium decontamination fi om sea sludge. Microorganisms activation was seemingly realized, but expected decontaminating effects were not observed. A hypothesis for attaining the maximal decontamination based on microorganisms activator was thus dismissed. Since a similar experiment with use of micro-bubbles has been successfully carried out, an optimum aerobic condition is to be investigated with another hypothesis based on hydroxyl radical in consideration. 

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