Intracranial self-stimulation

Initiation of behaviour Mesolimbic pathway to nucleus accumbens from VTA (AIO) Mesocortical pathways to prefrontal cortex from VTA (AIO) Animals Increases locomotor activity and intracranial self-stimulation Humans Hallucinations, psychoses (reward, reinforcement) Animals Decreases activity and self-stimulation Humans Reduces positive symptoms of schizophrenia D2 ... 

Stimulation reward thresholds, as assessed by the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm, an effect that indicates rewarding effects of nicotine in rodents (Huston-Lyons andKometsky 1992). 

Injection of the opiate antagonist naloxone precipitates the somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal (Adams and Cicero 1998 Carboni et al. 2000 Malin et al. 1993a), but not affective signs, such as intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) threshold elevation (Watkins et al. 2000). Yet naloxone injection in a nicotine-infused rat is robustly aversive (Ise et al. 2000 Watkins et al. 2000). Therefore, the somatic signs may actually correspond better than ICSS thresholds to an aversive motivational state. 

Zarevics P, Seller PE (1979) Simultaneous rate-independent and rate-dependent assessment of intracranial self-stimulation evidence for the direct involvement of dopamine in brain reinforcement mechanisms. Brain Res 169 499-512. 

Table 1. Some sites which support intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in various animal species...

Nielsen CK, Arnt J, Sanchez C (2000) Intracranial self-stimulation and sucrose intake differ as hedonic measures following chronic mUd stress interstrain and interindividual differences. Behav Brain Res 107 21-33... 

Inhibition of conditioned (but not unconditioned) avoidance behavior is one of the most predictive tests of antipsychotic action. Another is the inhibition of amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior. Other tests that may predict antipsychotic action are reduction of exploratory behavior without undue sedation, induction of a cataleptic state, inhibition of intracranial self-stimulation of reward areas, and prevention of apomorphine-induced vomiting. Most of these tests are difficult to relate to any model of clinical psychosis. 

Corbett, Dale, and Roy A. Wise. 1980. "Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Relation to the Ascending Dopaminergic Systems of the Midbrain A Moveable Electrode Mapping Study." Brain Research 185 1-15. 

Fray, Paul J., Stephen B. Dunnett, Susan D. Iversen, Anders Bjorklund and Ulf Stenevi. 1983. "Nigral Transplants Reinnervating the Dopamine-Depleted Neostriatum Can Sustain Intracranial Self-Stimulation." Science 219 416-19. 

Kometsky, Conan, Ralph U. Esposito, Stafford McLean, and Joseph O. Jacobson. 1979. "Intracranial Self-Stimulation Thresholds A Model for the Hedonic Effects of Drugs of Abuse." Archives of General Psychiatry 36 289-92. 

Kruk, Zygmunt L., S. Cheeta, J. Milla, R. Muscat, J. E. Williams, and Paul Willner. 1998. "Real-Time Measurement of Stimulated Dopamine Release in the Conscious Rat Using Fast Cyclic Voltammetry Dopamine Release Is Not Observed During Intracranial Self-Stimulation." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 79 9-19. 

Routtenberg, Aryeh. 1981. "Drugs of Abuse and the Endogenous Reinforcement System The Resistance of Intracranial Self-Stimulation Behavior to the Inebriating Effects of Ethanol." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 362 60-66. 

Schaefer, Gerald ]., and Richard P. Michael. 1986. "Changes in Response Rates and Reinforcement Thresholds for Intracranial Self-Stimulation During Morphine Withdrawal." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 25 1263-69. 

Wightman, K. Mark, and Paul A. Garris. 19%. "Dopamine Release and Intracranial Self-Stimulation." Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 22 832. 

Wise, Roy A., and Elizabeth Munn. 1995. "Withdrawal from Chronic Amphetamine Elevates Baseline Intracranial Self-Stimulation Thresholds." Psychopharmacology 117 130-36. 

Vogel G, Neill D, Hagler M, Kors D, Hartley P. Decreased intracranial self-stimulation in a new animal model of endogenous depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1990 14 65-68. 

Garris PA, Kilpatrick M, Bunin MA, Michael D, Walker QD, Wightman RM (1999) Dissociation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens from intracranial self-stimulation. Nature 595 67-69. 

Kilpatrick MR, Rooney MB, Michael DJ, Wightman RM (2000) Extracellular dopamine dynamics in rat caudate-putamen during experimenter-delivered and intracranial self-stimulation. Neuroscience 96 697-706. 

Kruk ZL, Cheeta S, Mill J, Muscat R, Willians JEG, Willner P (1998) Real time measurement of stimulated sopamine release in the conscious rat using fast cyclic voltammetry dopamine release is not observed during intracranial self-stimulation. J Neurosci Meth 79 9-19. 

Arnold JC, Hunt GE, McGregor IS. Effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP55,940 and the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716 on intracranial self-stimulation in Lewis rats. Life Sci. 70, 97-108 (2001). 

Stellar, J.S. and Rice, M.B. (1989) Pharmacological basis of intracranial self-stimulation reward. In The neuropharmacological basis of reward (Ekls, Liebman, J.M. and Cooper, S.J.) Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 14-65. 

Intracranial Self-Stimulation Self-Delivered Electrical Stimulation... 

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