Practical applications pharmaceuticals

A low accuracy of models for prediction of log D at any pH would not encourage the use of these models for practical applications in industry. Thus, it is likely that the methods for log D prediction at fixed pH that are developed in house by pharmaceutical companies will dominate in industry. However, log D measurements... 

Liposomes also have a number of practical applications and can be used, for example, to introduce various pharmaceuticals into the organism and even for the transfer of plasmids from one cell to another. 

Realizing that practical application of free energy calculations outside the purely academic environment, in particular in the pharmaceutical industry, required significant cost reductions, much effort was invested towards developing faster and cheaper methods for estimating free energy differences in complex systems. The goal... 

Although short columns with standard particle sizes have found many practical applications in pharmaceutical analysis, the compromised separation efficiency prohibits their use in situations... 

Grunenberg, A., Flenck, J-O., Siesler, FI.W., 1996, Theoretical Derivation and practical Application of Energy / Temperature Diagrams as an Instmment in Preformulation Studies of Polymorphic Drug Substances, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 129, 147-158. 

Documents of special importance in providing guidelines and standards for pharmaceutical compounding include the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy s "Good Compounding Practices Applicable to State Licensed Pharmacies " the USP 27/NF 22 Chapter 795, "Pharmacy Compounding — Nonsterile Preparations " and Chapter 797, "Pharmacy Compounding — Sterile Preparations " as well as numerous other portions of the USP/NF. 

The major chemical processes of membrane deteriorations are hydrolysis and oxidation. Cellulose acetate is most stable at the level of around pH 4.7, and at the pHs lower or higher than that value, membrane hydrolysis is accelerated. In practical applications of cellulose acetate membranes, feed water pH is usually controlled between 5 to 6. But it is Impossible to control the pH of demineralized pure water for electronic and pharmaceutical uses, i.e. for ultrapure water polishing. In such cases feed water pH 7 should be supplied to cellulose acetate material. Studies of membrane behaviour under such conditions will give good information for estimating the membrane life. 

Let us compare the methods applied by Pedersen for establishing the complex formation with a modern approach. Today tedious solubility studies are carried out almost exclusively with practical applications in mind, but they are not performed to prove the complex formation. For instance, one ofthe main reasons for the use of cyclodextrin complexes in the pharmaceutical industry is their solubilizing effect on drugs [8]. There, and almost only there, solubility studies are a must. As concerns spectroscopic methods, at present the NMR technique is one ofthe main tools enabling one to prove the formation of inclusion complex, carry out structural studies (for instance, making use of the NOE effect [9a]), determine the complex stability [9b, c] and mobility of its constituent parts [9d]. However, at the time when Pedersen performed his work, the NMR method was in the early stage of development, and thus inaccurate, and its results proved inconclusive. UV spectra retained their significance in supramolecular chemistry, whilst at present the IR method is used to prove the complex formation only in very special cases. 

Dihydropyridines chemistry is of interest not only from the point of view of fundamental research on heterocyclic compounds [ref. 9], but specially because of expanding practical applications of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives as pharmaceuticals in the line of calcium channel blockers [ref. 10,11]... 

Since most other modeling techniques for polymers are extremely demanding, the limited capabilities of COSMO-RS for efficient prediction of solubilities in polymers can be of great help in practical applications when suitable polymers with certain solubility requirements are desired. One application may be the selection of appropriate membrane polymers for certain separation processes. Predictions of drug solubility in polymers are sometimes of interest for pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, it is most likely that COSMO-RS can also be used to investigate the mutual compatibility of polymers for blends. This aspect, and many other aspects of the potential of COSMO-RS for polymer modeling, still awaits systematic investigation. 

Results of substantial experimental and theoretical work of the field accumulated in recent years warrant a comprehensive review and discussion. This should be of general use to chemists not only with academic and research fields interest but also to advanced students. Because of relevance to potential significant practical applications (including the pharmaceutical and petrochemical fields), industrial chemists should also benefit from it. 

An Example of practical application of the method of steepest ascent has been demonstrated in a chemical-technological process. System response depended on xrratio of solvent to basic material, g/1 x2-temperature of reaction mixture, °C and x3-reaction time, min. The system response has been the yield of a pharmaceutical product (carbo-methoxysulphanyl guanidine) in per cent. Based on theoretical knowledge the yield may reach 95%, but in practice only a half of this has been reached. 

During the last twenty years, biochemical reactions performed by microorganisms or catalyzed by microbial enzymes have been extensively evaluated from the viewpoint of synthetic organic chemistry, and as a consequence they have been shown to have a high potential for both theoretical and practical applications in synthetic chemistry. Many attempts to utilize biological reactions for practical synthetic processes have been made - for example, for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, food additives, and commodity chemicals. Such synthetic technology is called microbial transformation, or alternatively, microbial conversion, biotransformation, bioconversion, or enzymation [1,2]. 

The solubilization phenomenon, which refers to the dissolution of normally insoluble or only slightly soluble compounds in water caused by the addition of surfactants, is one of the most striking effects encountered for surfactant systems. Solubilization is of considerable physico-chemical interst, such as in discussion of the structure and dynamics of micelles and of the mechanism of enzyme catalysis, and has numerous practical applications, such as in detergency, in pharmaceutical preparations and in micellar catalysis. In biology, solubilization phenomena are most significant, e.g., cholesterol solubilization in phospholipid bilayers and fat solubilization in fat digestion and transport. 

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