Constituent parts

Before assembling, the constituent parts of the apparatus should be washed in turn with warm cone, nitric acid, distilled water, acetone, and dried in an oven. 

The permachor method is an empirical method for predicting the permeabiUties of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in polymers (29). In this method a numerical value is assigned to each constituent part of the polymer. An average number is derived for the polymer, and a simple equation converts the value into a permeabiUty. This method has been shown to be related to the cohesive energy density and the free volume of the polymer (2). The model has been modified to liquid permeation with some success. 

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is successfully used to determine chemical composition of various geological and ecological materials. It is known that XRF analysis has a high productivity, acceptable accuracy of results, developed theory and industrial analytical equipment sets. Therefore the complex methods of XRF analysis have to be constituent part of basis data used in ecological and geochemical investigations... 

The perhydropyrido[2,l-Z)][l,3]oxazine skeleton is a constituent part of macrocyclic xestospongine/araguspongine and aragupetrosine alkaloids... 

The understanding of these constituent parts of the lease is very important, and they should be read very carefully. Expert advice should be sought for a thorough understanding of them. 

The term collectivism has sometimes been used to distinguish this AL philosophy from the more traditional top down and bottom up philosophies. Collectivism embodies the belief that in order to properly understand complex systems, such systems must be viewed as coherent wholes whose open-ended evolution is continuously fueled by nonlinear feedback between their macroscopic states and microscopic constituents. It is neither completely reductionist (which seeks only to decompose a system into its primitive components), nor completely synthesist (which seeks to synthesize the system out of its constituent parts but neglects the feedback between emerging levels). 

Collectivism is thus distinct from both the top-down reductionist approach traditionally favored by most physicists (system as a simple edifice of its microscopic parts), and the more recent neural-net-like bottom-up approach favored by connec-tionists (system as a synthesis of its constituent parts). The nonlinear inter-level feedback loop that makes up the collective is what makes a traditional linear analysis of such systems difficult, if not impossible. 

Analysis proceeds from the assumption that in order to understand a system one must first break it up into its constituent parts. Understanding then comes from the knowledge gained by reconstructing the system. But for systems whose dynamics depend critically on interaction between pai ts, analysis often misses the essential characteristics of the whole system. Synthesis is the complementary act of putting the individual pieces together in order to understand what they do collectively. Understanding complex synthesis requires that both analysis and synthesis be done. 

Static Complexity - which addresses the question of how an object or system is put together (i.e. only purely structural informational aspects of an object, or the patterns and/or strengths of interactions among its constituent parts), and is independent of the proces.ses by which information is encoded and decoded. 

Equation (2.66) indicates that the entropy for a multipart system is the sum of the entropies of its constituent parts, a result that is almost intuitively obvious. While it has been derived from a calculation involving only reversible processes, entropy is a state function, so that the property of additivity must be completely general, and it must apply to irreversible processes as well. 

Most headings are sentence-fragment phrases which constitute sentences when combined. Usually a period signifies the end of a combined sentence. In order to reconstitute the context in which a heading is to be read, superior-rank titles are printed as running heads on each page. When the sentences are put together from their constituent parts, they describe the contents of the piece at hand. For an example, see 2.3 below. 

Liquid Crystals with Incompatihle Constituent Parts. 217... 

Liquid Crystals with Incompatible Constituent Parts... 

The major drawback of these models, however, is their lack of a clear reference between model components and constituent parts of the biological system (e.g. structures like ion channels, transporter proteins, receptors, etc.). These models, therefore, do not permit the simulation of patho-physiological detail, such as the series of events that follows a reduction in oxygen supply to the cardiac muscle and, ultimately, causes serious disturbances in heart rhythm. 

Both hydrogen peroxide andp-chloromercuribenzoate will dissociate the ribosome into its two constituent parts but whether this is a secondary reaction of the two chemicals is difficult to assess. There is no real evidence that the ribosome is a prime target for disinfectant substances. 

Hessel and Lowe try to take the view of the user [9,10]. They conclude that micro reactors have long since become a constituent part of today s chemical R D activities. For them it is not surprising that much news of successes is not disseminated in a branch that profits largely from patents and keeping knowledge secret. Hence all essays on this topic, such as this volume, can only provide a fraction of the information which is free to be communicated. 

In addition to the thermal vacancies, impurity-related vacancies will develop in ionic crystals. When impurity ions have a charge different from ions of like charge which are the crystal s main constituents, part of the lattice sites must remain vacant in order to preserve electroneutrality. Such impurity-type defects depend little on temperature, and their major effects are apparent at low temperatures when few thermal vacancies exist. 

The second effect is that of a change in the potentiaf difference effectively influencing the reaction rate. By its physical meaning, the activation energy should not be influenced by the full Galvani potential across the interface but only by the potential difference (cpo ) between the electrode and the reaction zone. Since the Galvani potential is one of the constituent parts of electrode potential E, the difference - j/ should be contained instead of E in Eq. (14.13) ... 

Fuel-cell-based power plants (or electrochemical generators, the rather appropriate Russian term) have several constituent parts (1) the fuel cell battery or stack itself (2) vessels for the reactants (hydrogen or methanol oxygen when needed) (3) special devices controlling the supply of reactants and withdrawal of the reaction products according to their consumption and formation in the electrochemical reactions ... 

The axial coordination of metalloporphyrins to a pyridyl ligand was successfully exploited by two groups to produce porphyrin-stoppered rotaxanes. Sanders (48) assembled a rotaxane by simply mixing the constituent parts. Zn(II), Ru(II)CO, and Rh(II)Cl porphyrins were used as stoppers. Branda (49) reported the stoppering of a pseudorotaxane by adding two equivalents of a Ru(II)CO porphyrin that coordinated to... 

In some operations, where the top product is required as a vapour, only sufficient liquid is condensed to provide the reflux flow to the column, and the condenser is referred to as a partial condenser. When the liquid is totally condensed, the liquid returned to the column will have the same composition as the top product. In a partial condenser the reflux will be in equilibrium with the vapour leaving the condenser. Virtually pure top and bottom products can be obtained in a single column from a binary feed, but where the feed contains more than two components, only a single pure product can be produced, either from the top or bottom of the column. Several columns will be needed to separate a multicomponent feed into its constituent parts. 

Electrons with the same spin behave as if there is a repulsive force acting between them. This apparent force is sometimes called the Pauli force. However, it is preferable not to speak of Pauli forces, since they are only apparent forces, not real forces like electromagnetic or gravitational forces. In fact, the Pauli principle implies that there is an intimate interconnection between the constituent parts of matter in the universe. Strictly speaking, no part can be isolated from the rest, except in an idealized way. The Pauli force acts at any time and over huge distances, much larger than atomic dimensions, but its effect becomes dramatic only when electrons of the same spin happen to be close to each other. 

The chromosome structure is visible only during the mitotic portion of the cell cycle. The constituent parts of the chromosomes are nucleoprotein fibers called chromatin. When condensed, chromatin forms a microscop-ically visible chromosome-like structure. The chromosomes are composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins. The relative amounts of the three vary, but chromatin is primarily protein and DNA. 

Marc Van Regenmortel. Yes, I would agree with one of the earlier speakers who put the emphasis on analysis. As I mentioned, analysis is a matter of dissection and in that sense you have to be reductionist. You can t dissect without being a reductionist but the only thing you are achieving is a description of the constituent parts. Whether you like the word level does not matter. Physiology will never be transformed into biochemistry. The same phenomenon can of course be described at different levels, or you could say in terms of different contexts, but whether the description is relevant depends on the question you ask or the problem you want to solve. 

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