Process technology chemical

Frey, H.C. and E.S. Rubin, Evaluate Uncertainties in Advanced Process Technologies, Chemical Engineeiing Piogiess, May 1992, 6.3-70. (Uncertainty evaluation)... 

Measurement Error Uncertainty in the interpretation of unit performance results from statistical errors in the measurements, low levels of process understanding, and differences in unit and modeled performance (Frey, H.C., and E. Rubin, Evaluate Uncertainties in Advanced Process Technologies, Chemical Engineering Progress, May 1992, 63-70). It is difficult to determine which measurements will provide the most insight into unit performance. A necessary first step is the understanding of the measurement errors hkely to be encountered. 

G. D. Davis, G. B. Groff, M. Rooney, A. V. Cooke, and R. Boothe, Proc. 1995 JANNAF Safety and Environmental Protection Subcommittee Workshop on Environmentally Sound Processing Technology. Chemical Propulsion Information Agency, Columbia, MD, 1995. 

A method to evaluate, authorize, implement, communicate, and document changes to process technology, chemicals, equipment, procedures, facilities, buildings, or organizations as to their potential for hazards, potential consequential loss, the magnitude of the potential risk, and the impact on facility operation. Control by means of elimination or mitigation of the hazards and/or the consequences should then be implemented to minimize potential risk. See Figure M.l for a flowchart of a typical MOC procedure. 

Processing technology Chemical apparatus Corrosion resistance Aluminum oxide... 

M. R. Olsen and R. K. Major, Comparative Study of Dehydrating Processes in the Manufacture of Nitrocellulose, United Technology Chemical Systems Division, Suimyvale, Calif., 1975. 

M. Lewin, in M. Lewin and S. SeUo, eds.. Handbook of Fiber Science and Technology Chemical Processing of Fibers andFabrics, Vol. 2, Part B, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1984, pp. 1—141. 

The minerals processing industry has made contributions to all areas of technology, both in terms of products and processing. Technologies developed in the mineral industry are used extensively in the chemicals industry as well as in municipal and industrial waste treatment and recycling industry, eg, scrap recycling, processing of domestic refuse, automobiles, electronic scrap, battery scrap, and decontamination of soils. 

A. E. Comyns, Dictiona of Named Processes in Chemical Technology, Oxford University Press, U.K., 1993. 

Prior to 1975, reaction of mixed butenes with syn gas required high temperatures (160—180°C) and high pressures 20—40 MPa (3000—6000 psi), in the presence of a cobalt catalyst system, to produce / -valeraldehyde and 2-methylbutyraldehyde. Even after commercialization of the low pressure 0x0 process in 1975, a practical process was not available for amyl alcohols because of low hydroformylation rates of internal bonds of isomeric butenes (91,94). More recent developments in catalysts have made low pressure 0x0 process technology commercially viable for production of low cost / -valeraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, and isovaleraldehyde, and the corresponding alcohols in pure form. The producers are Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastic Company Inc., BASF, Hoechst AG, and BP Chemicals. 

This article focuses primarily on the properties of the most extensively studied III—V and II—VI compound semiconductors and is presented in five sections (/) a brief summary of the physical (mechanical and electrical) properties of the 2incblende cubic semiconductors (2) a description of the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process. MOCVD is the preferred technology for the commercial growth of most heteroepitaxial semiconductor material (J) the physics and (4) apphcations of electronic and photonic devices and (5) the fabrication process technology in use to create both electronic and photonic devices and circuits. 

Preparation of the vitamins in commercial quantities can involve isolation, chemical synthesis, fermentation, and mixed processes, including chemical and fermentation steps. The choice of process is economic, dictated by the need to obtain materials meeting specifications at the lowest cost. Current process technologies (ca 1997) employed for each vitamin are indicated in Table 9. 

Skelland and Tedder, Extraction—Organic Chemicals Processing in Rousseau, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, Wiley, 1987, pp. 405 66. 

As an example of the chemical signihcance of the process technology, the products of die Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, in which a signihcant amount of gas phase polymerization occurs vary markedly from hxed bed operation to the fluidized bed. The hxed bed product contains a higher proportion of straight chain hydrocarbons, and the huidized bed produces a larger proportion of branched chain compounds. 

Process technology information will be a part of the process safety information package and should include employer-established criteria for maximum inventory levels for process chemicals limits beyond which would be considered upset conditions and a qualitative estimate of the consequences or results of deviation that could occur if operating beyond the established process limits. Employers are encouraged to use diagrams that will help users understand the process. 

Process technology information includes diagrams such as Figure 3.1.3-1, and criteria for maximum inventoiy levels for process chemical limits beyond which the process is considered to be upset. Also included is a qualitative estimate of the consequences that could result from deviating from the limits. 

Fair, J. R., A Half-Century of Progress in Separations Technology, Chemical Processing, Mid-March, 1988. 

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