Power, from biomass

COST PROJECTIONS FOR FUELS AND POWER FROM BIOMASS... 

Harrisson, G., Fell, D.A., McDonald, N.M., Limbrick, A.J. Pike, D.C., (1998) A study of market constraints on the development of power from biomass. Final Report, EC THERM IE contract STR-1125-96/UK, Green Land Reclamation Ltd. Berkshire. 

Beenackers, A.A.C.M. Maniatis K. (1997) Gasification Technologies for Heat and Power from Biomass, In Biomass Gasif cation and Pyrolysis, State of the Art and Future Prospects, (Ed. by M. Kaltschmitt and A.V. Bridgwater), Cpl Press Newbury. 

A.A.C.M. Beenackers, K. Maniatis Gasification technologies for heat and power from biomass, in Chartier et al. (eds.), Proc. 9 European Biocnergy Conf., Copenhagen, Oxford (1996) 228-260... 

Solantausta Y., Bridgwater A. V., and BeckmanD. (1997) The perfixmanceand economics of power from biomass. In Develt mertts in thermochemical biomass conversion (Ed. by A.V, Bridgwater and D.G.B.Boocock), pp. 1539-1555, BLACKIE ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL. 

At present, the use of renewables for energy accounts for only a small percentage of total energy requirements. Of the 12.8 TW of global power consumed in 1998, power from biomass accounted for only 1.21 TW, while the largest renewable source consumed—hydroelectric—still accounted for only 0.3 TW. 

Coal used in power stations has the potential to be partly replaced by fuels derived from pre-treated plastics and paper waste, reducing both dependency on fossil fuels and reliance on landfill. APME reports on a project in the Netherlands which it co-sponsored to develop a substitute fuel from plastics. The environmental assessment of the project compared the environmental impacts of coal substitution with other plastics recovery methods, including gasification in feedstock recycling and energy recovery from plastics waste in cement kilns. The study also compared coal substitution with the generation of power from burning biomass. 

Hamelinck, C. Faaij, A. P. C., Future prospects for production of methanol and hydrogen from biomass. Journal of Power Sources 2002,111(1), 1-22. 

Combined aerobic-anaerobic systems, in bioremediation, 25 837 Combined cycle, 10 142-143 Combined cycle fossil fuel plants, 23 236 Combined heat and power (CHP), from biomass, 3 687... 

The fuel gas from biomass gasifiers can be used to operate gas turbines for local power generation. A gas-turbine power station is similar to a steam plant except that instead of using heat from the burning fuel to produce steam to drive the turbine, it is driven directly by the hot combustion gases. Increasing the temperature in this way improves the thermodynamic efficiency, but in order not to corrode or foul the turbine blades the gases must be very clean which is why many gas-turbine plants use natural gas. 

In 1997 the European Commission made a proposal to generate 12% of the European Union s (EU) power from renewable sources by 2010. This would include 40,000-MW from wind farms, 10,000-MW from biomass and 50,0000 PV systems on roofs. 

Fig. 7.4 Basic pathway of producing power, hydrogen and fuels from biomass gasification.

A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and eqtrip-ment to produce fuels, power, and value-added chemicals from biomass. Biorefinery is the co-production of a spectram of bio-based products and energy from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today s crude oil refinery. Biorefinery is a relatively new term referring to the conversion of biomass feedstock into a host of valuable chemicals and energy with minimal waste and emissions. 

There are four main biorefineries biosyngas-based refinery, pyrolysis-based refinery, hydrothermal upgrading-based refinery, and fermentation-based refinery. Biosyngas is a mrrltifimctional intermediate for the production of materials, chemicals, transportation fuels, power and/or heat from biomass. Figrrre 3.4 shows the gasification-based thermochemical biorefinery. 

For soybean-based biodiesel at this concentration, the estimated emission impacts for percent change in emissions of NO,, particular matter (PM), HC, and CO were +20%, -10.1%, -21.1%, and -11.0%, respectively (EPA, 2002). The use of blends of biodiesel and diesel oil are preferred in engines in order to avoid some problems related to the decrease of power and torque, and to the increase of NO, emissions (a contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and ozone) that occurs with an increase in the content of pure biodiesel in a blend. Emissions of all pollutants except NO appear to decrease when biodiesel is used. The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine dramatically reduces the emissions of unbumed hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ozone-forming hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. The net contribution of carbon dioxide from biomass combustion is small. 

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